Leaf Spring:

• These springs are referred to as laminated

springs since they use steel strips one over
the other with reducing length.
• The springiness of the leaf spring can be
varied by varying the no. of leaf
laminations. More leaf = stiffen, Less leaf =
more flexible.
• They are heavier than coil & torsion bar
springs
Construction:
 Leaf springs are made from flat strips of steel. Each strip is called a Leaf. Several
strips are placed one on the other. They are joined together by clamps & a central
bolt.
 The length of each leaf decreases.
 The ends of the master leaf are formed into loops called spring eyes.
 One end of the spring is attached with frame through a spring bolt passing
through the eye.
 The other end is secured through
a shackle.
 The shackle helps in accommodating
the change in the length of the spring.
 Working:
 When the wheel encounters a
bump, the spring expands &
increase in length takes place
which is accommodated by the
shackle.
 Similarly, the process of
contraction is accommodated.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR

 The centrifugal compressor increases the

pressure of low pressure refrigerant vapour by
first creating a very high velocity and then
converting a part of the energy of the moving
particles into high static pressure by centrifugal
force.
 DIAGRAM

CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING:-

 Centrifugal compressor consists of an impeller, to

which, a number of curved vanes are fitted
symmetrically.
 The impeller rotates in an air-tight volute casing
with inlet and outlet points and draws in low
pressure vapour refrigerant from the evaporator.
 When the impeller rotates, it pushes the vapour
refrigerant from the center of the impeller to its
periphery by centrifugal force.
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING

 The high speed of the impeller leaves the vapour

refrigerant with high velocity at the vane tips of
the impeller.
 The kinetic energy thus attained at the impeller
outlet is converted into pressure energy, when
the high velocity vapour refrigerant passes over
the diffuser.
 The volute casing collects the refrigerant from
the diffuser and it further converts kinetic energy
into pressure energy.
SCROLL COMPRESSOR
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING:-

 A scroll is an involute spiral fixed on a plate.

 This compressor has two spirals.
 The two spirals are in mesh forming gas pockets,
which reduce in volume progressively.
 One spiral is stationery and the other orbits
around it, to complete the cycle.
 The suction is at the periphery and discharge is at
the centre of stationary scroll.
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING
 As all pockets between the scrolls have gas in
various stages of compression, the flow is
continuous with least pulsations, which leads to
high volumetric efficiency.
 It is also called as constant volume ratio
compressor. It has no valves
Rotary vane compressor
Rotary vane compressor
 It is positivedisplacement type compressor.
 It provides higher efficiency and flow rates over a wide range
of pressure
 Rotary vane compressor consist of rotor with a number of vanes
inserted in the radial slots cut in rotor.
 The rotor is mounted eccentric in a casing.
 The vanes slides radially in and out of the rotor.
 As the rotor rotates at higher speed, centrifugal force throws the
vanes outward keeping the end of vane in contact with the stator
ring.
 As the rotor turns, compression is achieved as the volume goes from
a maximum at intake port to minimum at the exhaust port.
 Advantages:
 Simple design
 Compact in size
 Light in weight
 Easy to install
 Low cost
 Low maintenance cost
 Longer life
 Few moving parts
 Low rotational speed
 Expensive foundation not required
Disadvantages
 Lower efficiency
 Difficulty with higher pressure above 200 psi
 Oil injected designs have oil carryover
Screw Compressor
 Screw Compressor
 It consist of two screws - one with convex and the other with concave
contour mostly called male and female rotor respectively.
 These two screws gets rotating by means of gear trips there by sucking
the air through an inlet port in chamber and then compressing the
same
 The helix of the male and female rotor screw is designed to permit
complete charging of the inter lobe space before the re-mesh.
 On completion of the filling operation the inlet end of male and female
lobes begins to re-engage thus reduces the volume of air continuously.
 Thus compression begins and air is discharged at the end of other side.
 There is no contact between male and female rotors and casing. Hence
no lubrication require but oil may injected for the purpose of cooling.
Twin lobe compressor
Twin lobe compressor

 It is used in applications where higher flow at

comparatively low pressure is required.
 Here two lobes are placed in a casing
 The air is transferred from suction side to the
delivery side with continuous rotation of two lobes
 The lobes are precisely maintained and the casing
also maintained to close tolerances
 It has limited compression ratio @ 1.7