Region’s premier State

University of choice

Urdaneta City
University
GALAHAD RANDALL S. UNCIANO, Ph.D.
English Graduate Program Adviser
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY – School of Advanced Studies
San Vicente, Urdaneta City

Guest Speaker for the 5th Annual Research Symposium of

URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
March 11, 2016
“I'm not over-weight, I'm under-
tall.”

“If you want to look thinner, hang

around people fatter than you.”

“I hate Mondays.”
When was
Garfield born?
When was
Garfield born?
1978
What inspired
Garfield’s name?
Former U.S. President
James A. Garfield, who
also happens to be the
name of Jim Davis’
grandfather
Does Garfield have any
nick name?
Does Garfield have any
nick name?
Quite like that. In
Sweden, Garfield is called
“Gustav”.
Does Garfield hold any
Guinness World Record?
Does Garfield hold any
Guinness World Record?
Yes, as the world’s most widely
syndicated comic script, in more
than 2,500 newspapers and
journals and nearly 17 Million fans
on Facebook.
Origin of the word RESEARCH
 
“Research” is derived from the combined French
Words
RE (again) and
SERCHER (Search),

which means “To search again”

The earliest recorded use of the term

was in 1577
Concepts of
“Research”
Origin of the word RESEARCH
 
“Research” is derived from the combined French
Words
RE (again) and
SERCHER (Search),

which means “To search again”

The earliest recorded use of the term

was in 1577
Research (n.) involves the collection and analysis
of information to increase our understanding of
a topic or issue (Creswell)
 
Research (n.) is the systematic investigation into
and study of materials and sources in order to
establish facts and reach new conclusions.
(Oxford Dictionary)
 
Research (v.) is to investigate systematically.
(Oxford Dictionary)
Research (n.) is undertaken to increase the stock
of knowledge, including knowledge of humans,
culture and society, in the context of using this stock
of knowledge to devise new applications. (Frascati
Manual)
 
Research (n) is used to establish or confirm facts,
reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or
existing problems, support theorems, or develop
new theories. It may also be an expansion on past
work in the field or to test the validity of instruments,
procedures, or experiments. It may replicate
elements of prior projects, or the project as a whole. 
Research (n.) is a studious inquiry or examination
aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts,
revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of
new facts, or practical application of such new or
revised theories or laws" (The Merriam-Webster
Dictionary)
 Research as the Tool of Knowledge
 
 

Bronze relief on the main building of the Library

of Congress, Thomas Jefferson Building,
Washington D.C. entitled “Research holding
the Torch of Knowledge” (1896) by American
Sculptor Olin Levi Warner (1844-1896)
 Research as the Tool of Knowledge
 

 “Little knowledge is a dangerous thing;

Drink or taste not from the Pierian Spring;
For there, shallow droughts intoxicate the brain;
And drinking largely sobers it again”
 
--- Ralph Waldo Emerson
 RESEARCH VERSUS ‘TSISMIS’
RESEARCH TSISMIS
involves the collection of information CHECK
Involves the analysis of information CHECK
Involves establishment of facts and reaching CHECK
new conclusions
It is undertaken to increase stock of CHECK
knowledge (about humans, nature, culture,
and society)
It is an inquiry or examination aimed at the CHECK
discovery of facts
It is an inquiry or examination aimed at the CHECK
interpretation of facts
 RESEARCH VERSUS ‘TSISMIS’
RESEARCH TSISMIS
It is pursued to confirm facts or ---
reaffirm previously known facts
Involves systematic investigation ---
into the study of facts
Results to an increase in our ---
understanding of a topic or issue
It is undertaken to provide solutions ---
to new and existing problems
 RESEARCH VERSUS ‘TSISMIS’

The primary and most significant difference

between RESEARCH and TSISMIS is the point at
which RESEARCH results to POSITIVE impacts
along pursuits for the progress of man, nature,
culture and society while TSISMIS can only result
to NEGATIVE impacts as far as these noble
pursuits are concerned.
 Forms of Research

Research in the Humanities 

Artistic Research
Scientific Research 
 Research in the Humanities 

 do not search for the ultimate correct answer to

a question, but instead explore the issues and
details that surround it.

 Context is always important, and context can be

social, historical, political, cultural, or ethnic.

 An example of this research is historical

research that systematically investigates a topic,
and then to write histories in the form of accounts
of the past.
 Artistic Research

 It is a 'practice-based research',such as when

creative works are considered both the research
and the object of research itself.

 It is the debatable body of thought which offers

an alternative to purely scientific methods in
research in its search for knowledge and truth.
 Scientific Research 

 provides scientific information and theories for

the explanation of the nature and the properties of
the world.

 It makes practical applications possible.

Scientific research can be subdivided into different
classifications according to their academic and
application disciplines.

 Scientific research is a widely used criterion for

judging the standing of an academic institution.
Significant Impacts of
Research to Human,
Social and Cultural
Transformation
Significant Impacts of Research to Human, Social and Cultural Transformation

To Gather Necessary Information

Research provides you with all necessary

information in field of your work, study or
operation before you begin working on it. 
Significant Impacts of Research to Human, Social and Cultural Transformation

To Make Changes

Research helps us find the root cause and

associated elements of a process and from the
results, it invokes a demand for change and
sometimes is successful in producing changes as
well.
Significant Impacts of Research to Human, Social and Cultural Transformation

Improving Standard Of Living

Only through research can new inventions and

discoveries come into life. Some of our basic
equipments in the modern times were generated
as results of research such as “radio
communication” (C.V Raman), telephone (Graham
Bell), mobile phones (Martin Cooper), and further
and continued research keep on improving human
inventions on communication devices.
Significant Impacts of Research to Human, Social and Cultural Transformation

For A Safer Life

Research has made ground breaking discoveries

and development in the field of health, nutrition,
food technology and medicine. These things have
improved the life expectancy and health
conditions of human race in all parts of the world
and helped eradicate diseases like polio, smallpox
completely.
Significant Impacts of Research to Human, Social and Cultural Transformation

To Know the Truth

It has been proved time and again that many of

established facts and known truths are just cover
ups or blatant lies or rumors. Research is needed
to investigate and expose these and bring out the
truth.
Significant Impacts of Research to Human, Social and Cultural Transformation

Explore Our History

Research about history has told us a lot about

how things will shape up in years to come.
 
Understanding Arts

This helps us in understanding the work of artists

in literature, paintings, sculptures and everything
that can be attributed with artistic touch.
The Structural Process
of Scientific / Empirical
Research
The following steps are usually part of
most formal research, both basic and
applied
Observations and Formation of the topic
1
 consists of the subject area of ones interest. A keen
interest in the chosen subject area is advisable.

 follows a subject area

 choice of research subject requires reading a vast

amount of literature
identified gap in existing literature or related studies can
be the basis for choosing a research subject

 chosen research subject must be justified by linking its

importance to already existing knowledge about the
topic.
Qualities of a Good
Research Topic
Clarity . The topic should have to be clear so that others
can easily understand the nature of your research. The
research topic should have a single interpretation so that
people cannot get distracted.

Well-defined . Avoid phrasing the research topic in such a

way that it gives a double-barrelled impression.

The language. Use technical terms only when it is

necessary, otherwise use simple words so that everyone
can understand it. Do not introduce any sort of bias
directly or indirectly, willingly or unwillingly in the
research problem or research topic.
The titling.  Research should follow the rules of
titling. You can either use a sentence case or a
title case but most of the titles follow title case.

Current importance. An obsolete research topic

will not be beneficial for anyone. The topic should
have current importance. You should also assess
how much the topic will provide benefit to the
field in which you are conducting the study.
 Formulating your Research Title
 
“Competence of Students in
the English Language”
 
“Competence of Students in
English Phonology”
 
“Competence of Grade 10 Students
in English Phonology”
 
Hypothesis 2
 A testable prediction which designates the
relationship between two or more variables.

 Construct intelligent and theory-informed

hypotheses, especially when relating variables.
Concerns on Definition 3
 Conceptual Definition. Description of a concept
by relating it to other concepts.

 Operational definition. Details in regards to

defining the variables and how they will be
measured/assessed in the study.
Gathering of Data 4
 includes identifying a population and selecting
sampling methods

 includes gathering information by using specific

research instruments. The instruments used for
data collection must be valid and reliable.
Analysis of Data 5
 Involves breaking down the individual pieces of
data in order to draw potential inferences about
them and their potential relationship

 This can be represented through tables, figures

and pictures, and then described in words.
Data Interpretation 6
 This involves assigning meaning to quantified
and statistically computed data findings

 It may relate findings to facts relayed by

existing literature or related studies by making
comparisons and contrasts
Conclusion and Recommendations 7
 Involves reiteration of the results of data
analyses (if necessary)

 Clear, straight, direct and terse statement of

answers to the established research problem and
questions
 Two Major Types of
Empirical Research
Design
Note: Researchers choose either qualitative or
quantitative methods (or its hybrid) according to the
nature of the research topic they want to investigate and
the research questions they aim to answer.
Quantitative Research 1
 Systematic empirical investigation of quantitative
properties and phenomena and their relationships.

 Asking questions and collecting numerical data to

analyze using statistical methods.
quantitative research designs include experimental,
correlational, and survey (or descriptive) research
projects

 Findings from quantitative research can be used to

establish the existence of associative or causal
relationships between variables.
Qualitative research
2
 attempts to understand human behavior and the
reasons that govern such behavior.

 aims to investigate a question without attempting to

quantifiably measure variables or look for potential
relationships between variables.

 typically limited to a single set of research subjects.

often used as a method of exploratory research as a basis
for later quantitative research hypotheses.

 It is linked with the philosophical and theoretical

stance in the analysis of facts and various phenomena
 QUANTITATIVE versus
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
V E QUAL
METHODS
T I I TAT
I TA
NT IVE
UA
Q
 QUANTITATIVE versus
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH METHODS
There have been many controversies about
research methods stemmed from the polarity
between the qualitative and quantitative methods
in conducting research. There are contentions that
the “positivistic approach” of quantitative
research promises to distinguish “scientific
research” from other practices (especially religion
and philosophy) by its method that lean closely to
10 Qualities and
Characteristics of a
Good and Successful
Research
10 Qualities and Characteristics of a Good
and Successful Research
Research is a product of hard work that requires
great patience and control. Research paper
requires rigorousness to maintain its quality.
Compromising the rigorous preparation of a
research can decrease its validity.
1. Controlled
Everything that you add in a research paper
is preplanned and cannot happen just by
chance. The first step in conducting a
research is choosing a research topic,
from that step till the end. A researcher
should measure the consequences of
each step that he/she has planned to
take prior to taking it.
2. Accurate
Accuracy is important because without accuracy the
research paper cannot be valid and generalizable. In every
step of the research the researcher has to check the
accuracy. When the researcher is reviewing literature he
should write down the references along with the
literature review so that when writing those reviews he
can accurately write the reference of each review. While
testing the hypothesis the researcher should write down
the results of the tests accurately so that there is no error.
3. Clear
A research paper should have to be free
of ambiguities and it should have great
clarity. Clarity is one of the main
essences of research and without clarity
the research paper is useless.
4. Concise
As a researcher you do not need a lot of
words or sections to the research paper
to make it unique or interesting. The
readers will be able to understand a
concise research more easily without
the presence of unnecessary details in
the research.
5. Valid and Generalizable
The actual strength of the research
paper is its validity. A valid research is
applicable to various situations in
general or it can be applied to any
specific situation, people or society.
6. Verifiable
The data the researcher adds in the
research paper should have to be
verifiable and provable.
7. Sequential
The research should be conducted and
written in a logical manner. The researcher
should follow a sequence so that he cannot
get troubled in the orderly series of
procedures in data gathering and analyses,
and also for the sake of readers to
understand how the research is conducted.
8. Original
The research paper should contain only
original content and copy work should be
completely avoided. You can add literature
from other sources in various forms like in
the form of literature review but you should
never compromise on the originality of the
research paper.
9. Coherent
Every part of the research paper should be
so linked that it makes a whole. Unnecessary
duplication of sections in the research or the
presence of unnecessary parts that do not
contribute to the understanding of the
whole research should be avoided.
10. Academic style of
writing
Writing a research paper requires rigorousness.
The researcher should follow an academic style of
writing and any ostentatiousness (unnecessary
verbose styles) in writing should be avoided. The
language of the research paper should have to be
simple and easy to understand.
Additional Qualities
of a Good Research
It can be replicated.

It is based on some logical rationale and tied to

theory or based on the work of others.

It generates new questions or is cyclical in nature.

It has the potential to suggest directions for future

research.

It addresses directly or indirectly some real

problem in the world.
Main Indicators and Properties of a bad
research which should be avoided
Looking for something when it simply is not to be
found.

Plagiarizing other people’s work.

Falsifying data to prove a point and

misrepresenting information and misleading
participants.
Quotes on Research
Dan Brown
American author of numerous #1 bestselling novels,
including The Da Vinci Code, which has become one of the
best selling novels of all time as well as the subject of
intellectual debate among readers and scholars.

His novels are published in 52 languages around the

world with 200 million copies in print.

In 2005, he was named one of the 100 Most Influential

People in the World by TIME Magazine
Dan Brown’s
popular quotes
excerpted from his
2009 novel, The Lost
Symbol that are
related to
“Research”
“To live in the world without
becoming aware of the meaning
of the world is like wandering
about in a great library without
touching the books.” 

― Dan Brown, The Lost Symbol

“Great minds are always feared
by lesser minds.” 

― Dan Brown, The Lost Symbol

“Google' is not a synonym for
'research'.”
 
― Dan Brown, The Lost Symbol
Region’s premier State
University of choice

Urdaneta City
University