Chapter 21

CHAPTER 21
Using Verbs Correctly

PRESENTED BY: Arly Mae P Micayabas
CONTENT
01
PRINCIPAL PARTS
02
TENSE
03
VOICE
04
MOOD
01 The Principal Parts of Ve
rbs
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
 Base Form
 Present Participle All other verb forms
are derived from
 Past these principal parts.
 Past Participle
Note: Some teachers refer to the base
Base Form Present Participle Past Past Participle
form as the infinitive.
receive (is) receiving received [have] received
join (is) joining joined [have] joined
bring (is)bringing brought [have] brought
sing (is) singing sang [have] sung
When the present participle and past participle forms are
used as verbs inNOTE:
sentences, they require
Sometimes helping
a past verbs. is
participle
Helping Verb +used PRESENT
with a form be:
Participlewas
= chosen, are
Verb Phrase
Forms of be
known,
taking
is seen. This use of the verb is
am taking
called
walking
passive voice. was walking
going have been going
Helping Verb + PAST Participle = Verb Phrase

Forms of have taken have taken
walked has walked
gone had gone
All verbs from the present participle in the
same way: by adding –ing to the base form.
Not all verbs, however, form the past and
past participle in the same way.
REGULAR VERBS
21b. A regular verb forms its past and past
participle by adding -d or -ed to base form.
use (is) using used [have] used
revise (is) revising revised [have] revised
outline (is) outlining outlined [have] outlined
watch (is) singing watched [have] watched
A few regular verbs have alternative past and
past participle forms ending in –t.
Base Form Present Past Past
Participle Participle
burn (is) burning burned or burnt [have] burned or burnt
dream (is) dreaming dreamed or dreamt [have] dreamed or dreamt
leap (is) leaping Leaped or leapt [have] Leaped or leapt
NOTE: The regular verbs deal and mean always form

the past and past participle by adding –t: dealt, have
dealt; meant, have meant.
When forming the past and past participle of regular
verbs, avoid omitting the –d or –ed ending.
NONSTANDARD The firefighter risk his life to save the valuable artifacts.
STANDARD The firefighter risked his life to save the valuable artifacts.
NONSTANDARD We should have ask for directions.
STANDARD We should have asked for directions.

IRREGULAR VERBS
21c. An irregular verb forms its past and past participle
in some other way than by adding –d or –ed to the
based form.
Irregular verbs form past and past participle in one of
these ways:
 Changing vowels
 Changing consonants
 Changing vowels and consonants
 Making no change
swim (is) swimming swam [have] swum
bend (is) bending bent [have] bent
teach (is) teaching taught [have] taught
burst (is) bursting burst [have] burst

When forming the past and part participle of irregular
verbs, avoid these common errors.
In using past form with a helping verb
NONSTANDARD I have never swam in this lake before.
STANDARD I never swam in this lake before.
In using past participle form without a helping verb

NONSTANDARD She swum to shore to get help.
STANDARD She has swum to shore to get help.

In adding –d, -ed, or –t to the base form
NONSTANDARD We bursted into laughter as soon as we saw the comedian.
STANDARD We burst into laughter as soon as we saw the comedian.

COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS
Group I: Same form for its past and past participle
bind (is) binding bound [have] bound
bring (is) bringing brought [have] brought
build (is) building built [have] built
buy (is) buying bought [have] bought
catch (is) catching caught [have] caught
creep (is) creeping crept [have] crept
feel (is) feeling felt [have] felt
fight (is) fighting fought [have] fought
See page 648 for more examples.

Group II: Different forms for past and past participles
arise (is) arising arose [have] arisen
be (is) being was, were [have] been
bear (is) bearing bore [have] borne or born
beat (is) beating beat [have] beaten or beat
become (is) becoming became [have] become
begin (is) beginning began [have] begun
bite (is) biting bit [have] bitten
blow (is) blowing blew [have] blown
See page 650 – 652 for more examples.

Group III: The same form for base form, past and past participle
burst (is) bursting burst [have] burst
cost (is) costing cost [have] cost
cut (is) cutting cut [have] cut
hit (is) hit hit [have] hit
hurt (is) hurting hurt [have] hurt
let (is) letting let [have] let
put (is) putting put [have] put
read (is) reading read [have] read
set (is) setting set [have] set
spread (is) spreading spread [have] spread
SIX TROUBLESOME VERBS
Lie and Lay

Lie means “to rest”, “to recline,” or “to be in a place.” It does
not take an object.
Lay means “to put [something] in a place.” It generally takes
an object.
lie (is) lying lay [have] lain
lay (is) laying laid [have] laid

EXAMPLES
 The printout is lying there next to the computer.

[no object]
 The secretary is laying a copy of the printout next
to the computer. [Printout is the object of is laying]
 The holiday decorations lay in the box. [no object]

 Martha carefully laid the holiday decorations in
the box. [Decorations is the object of laid]
Sit and Set
Sit means “to be seated, upright position” or “to be in a place”.
It seldom takes an object.
Set means “to put [something] in a place”. It generally takes an
object.

sit (is) sitting sat [have] sat
set (is) setting set [have] set

EXAMPLES
 May I sit here? [no object]

 May I set the chair here? [Chair is the object of set]
 The candles sat on the piano. [no object]

 Karen set the candles on the piano.
[Candles is the object of set]
 The squirrel has sat on the sill awhile. [no object]
 The squirrel has set a pecan on the sill.
[Pecan is the object of has set]
Rise and Raise
Rise means “to go up” or “to get up.” Rise does not take an
object.
Raise means “to lift up” or “to cause [something] to rise.”
Raise generally takes an object.
rise (is) rising rose [have] risen

raise (is) raising raised [have] raised
EXAMPLES
 She rose from the chair uncertainly. [no object]

 She raised herself from the chair uncertainly.
[Herself is the object of raised]
 The prices of fresh fruit and vegetables have risen

considerably because of the drought. [no object]
 The grocer has raised the price of fresh fruit and
vegetables.
[Price is the object of has raised]
02
TENSE
The tense of a verb indicates the time of the
TENSE action or of the state of being expressed by
the verb.
Past Present Future

Existing or Existing or Existing or happening
happening in happening in the future.
the past. now.
Past Perfect Present Perfect Future Perfect

Existing or happening Existing or happening Existing or happening
before a specific time sometime before now; before a specific time in
in the past. maybe continuing now. the future.
VERB CONJUGATION
All of the forms of a verb according to tense is called conjugating a verb.
Conjugation of the Verbs See in the Active Voice

Present Tense
Singular Plural
I see we see
you see you see
he, she, it sees they see
Past Tense
Singular Plural
I saw we saw
you saw you saw
he, she, it saw they saw

Future Tense
Singular Plural
I will [shall] see We will [shall] see
You will [shall] see You will [shall] see
He, she, it will [shall] see They will [shall] see
Present Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
I have seen We have seen
You have seen You have seen
He, she, it has seen They have seen

Past Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
I had seen We had seen
You had seen You had seen
He, she, it had seen They had seen
Future Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
I will [shall] have seen We will [shall] have seen
You will [shall] have seen You will [shall] have seen
He, she, it will [shall] have seen They will [shall] have seen
Progressive Form
Expresses continuing action or state of being. It consists of the
appropriate tense of be plus the present participle of a verb.
It is not a separate tense but another form of each of the six
tenses.
Present Progressive am, is, are seeing
Past Progressive was, were seeing
Future Progressive will [shall] be seeing
Present Perfect Progressive has been, have been seeing
Past Perfect Progressive had been seeing
Future Perfect Progressive will [shall] have been seeing
Emphatic Form
This is another form of present and past tenses which
shows emphasis.
 In the present tense, the emphatic form of a verb consists of
do or does plus the base form.
 In the past tense, the form consists of did plus the base
form.
Present Emphatic Do, does see

Past Emphatic Did see
The Verb Be
The most irregular verb in English.
Conjugation of the Verb be

Present Tense
Singular Plural
I am We are
You are You are
He, she, it is They are
Present Progressive; am, are, is being
Past Tense
Singular Plural
I was We were
You were You were
He, she, it was They were
Present Progressive; was, were being
Future Tense
Singular Plural
I will [shall] be We will [shall] be
You will [shall] be You will [shall] be
He, she, it will [shall] be They will [shall] be

Singular Plural
I have been We have been
You have been You have been
He, she, it has been They have been
Past Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
I had been We had been
You had been You had been
He, she, it had been They had been

Singular Plural
I will [shall] have been We will [shall] have been
You will [shall] have been You will [shall] have been
He, she, or it will [shall] have been They will [shall] have been
The conjugation of the verb be differs from that of any
other verb. The progressive form of be is rarely used in
any tenses other than the present and past tenses, an
d none of the tenses have the emphatic form.
The Use of Tenses
(1) The present tense expresses an action or a state of being
that is occurring now, at the present time.
EXAMPLES
(present)
 Martina races down the court and shoots the ball.
 The fans are cheering wildly. (present progressive)
 Martina and her teammates do look confident.
(present emphatic)
The present tense is also used
 To show customary or habitual action or state of being.

 To convey a general truth – something that is always true.
 To summarize the plot or subject matter of a literary work.
(such used is called literary present)
 To make a historical event seem current.
(such use is called historical present)
 To express future time.
EXAMPLES: [Customary action]
 On Saturdays I usually go to the tennis court and practice
my serve. [General truth]
 The gravity of the moon pulls on the earth’s oceans and
causes the tides.
 The Dark child relates the experiences of a boy growing
up in an African village. [Literary present]
(2) The past tense expresses an action or a state of being that
occurred in the past and did not continue into the present.
EXAMPLES (past)
 In the last lap the runner fell and injured his knee.
(past progressive)
 He was trying to break the record for that event.
(past emphatic)
 The injury did prevent him from competing in the relay race.
NOTE: A past action or state of being may also be

shown by using used to.
(3) The future tense expresses an action or a state of being
that will occur. It is formed with the helping verb shall or will.
EXAMPLES
[future]
 The president will not return to Washington today.
[future progressive]
 We will [or shall] be holding a press conference at noon.
The future action or state of being may also expressed by using
 The present tense of be followed by going to and the base form

of a verb.
 The present tense of be followed by about to and the base

form of a verb.
 The present tense of a verb with a word or phrase that

expresses future time.
EXAMPLES:
 My cousins are going to visit Japan in July.
 Ms. Scheirer is about to announce the winners.
 The boxer defends his title next Friday night.
(4) The present perfect tense expresses action or state of
being that occurred at an indefinite time in the past. It is
formed with the helping verb have or has.
EXAMPLES
 Miguel and Tim have already entered the information in

the computer. [present perfect]
 Who has been using this computer?

[present perfect progressive]
It is also used to express an action or state of being that
began in the past and that continues into the present.
EXAMPLES
[present perfect]
 Mr. Steele has taught school for twenty-one years.
[present perfect progressive]
 He has been coaching soccer since 1996.
NOTE: Do not use the present perfect tense to express

a specific time in the past.
X They have bought a computer last week.
(5) The past perfect tense expresses an action or a state
of being that ended before some other past action or a state
of being. It is formed with the helping verb had.
EXAMPLES [past perfect]
 Paul had traveled several miles before he realized his
mistake. [past perfect progressive]
 He discovered that he had been misreading the road
map.
NOTE: Use the past perfect tense in an “if” clause that expresses
the earlier of two past actions.
EXAMPLE: If I had used the spellchecker, I would have corrected the
spelling errors.
(5) The future perfect tense expresses an action or a state
of being that will end before some other future occurrence. It
is formed with the helping verbs shall have or will have.
EXAMPLES [future perfect]

 By the time school begins in August, you will
have saved enough money to buy a car.
 By then, you will have been working here a
year. [future perfect progressive]
Special Problems in the Use of Tenses
Sequence of Tenses
21f. Use the tense forms correctly to show relationships bet
ween verbs in a sentence. Do not change needlessly from
one tense to another.
(1)When describing events that occur at the same time, use
verbs in the same tense.
(2)When describing events that occur at different times, use
verbs in different tenses to show the order of events.
[NOTE: The tense you use depends on the meaning
that you want to express.]
21g. Do not use would have in “if” clauses that express the
earlier of two past actions. Use the past perfect tense.
EXAMPLE:
If she would have handed in her application, she would
NONSTANDARD
have gotten the job.
If she had handed in her application, she would have

STANDARD
gotten the job.
The Present Infinitive and the Present Perfect Infinitive
Present Infinitive to see to be to change

Present Perfect To have seen to have been to have changed
The action
21h. The present expressed
infinitive by to
expresses anattend
action or a state
of being thatfollows the action
follows another expressed
action bybeing.
or state of
The action expressed by to go follows
hopes.
the action expressed by
EXAMPLE
had planned.
Latrice hopes to attend the Super Bowl.
Latrice had planned to go to the game with her brother.
21i. The present perfect infinitive expresses an action or a
state of being that precedes another action or state of being.
The action expressed by to have located
precedes the action expressed by claim.
The action expressed by to have spent
EXAMPLES precedes the action expressed by
 The divers claim to have located an ancient sailing vessel.
claimed.
 They claimed to have spent three weeks exploring the ship.

The Present Participle, the Past Participle,
and the Present Perfect Participle
Present Participle seeing being changing
Past Participle seen been changed
Present Perfect Participle having seen having been having changed
21j. WhenThe
usedaction expressed
as a verbal, the presentby Gazing
participle occurs
or past at
participle
expresses an action or state of being that occurs at the same time as
the same time as the action expressed by
another action or state of being.
saw.
EXAMPLES
 Gazing through the telescope, I saw the rings
around Saturn.
21k. When used as a verbal, the present perfect participle
The action
expresses expressed
an action by having
or state that precedescompleted
another action
precedes at the same time as the action expressed
or state of being.
by saw.
EXAMPLES
Having completed her outline, Kate wrote the first
draft of her research paper.
03
VOICE
Active Voice and Passive Voice
Voice is the form a verb takes to indicate whether the
subject
The verb of the
in a verb construction
passive performs or receives the action.
always includes a form of be and
the past participle of a verb.
Active voice – the subject of a verb performs the action.
Passive voice – the subject receives the action.

Conjugation of the Verbs See in the Passive Voice
Present Tense
Singular Plural
I am seen we are seen
you are seen you are seen
he, she, it is seen they are seen
Present Progressive: am, are, is being seen
Past Tense
Singular Plural
I was seen We were seen
you were seen you were seen
he, she, it was seen they were seen
Present Progressive: was, were being seen

Future Tense
Singular Plural
I will [shall] be seen We will [shall] be seen
You will [shall] be seen You will [shall] be seen
He, she, it will [shall] be seen They will [shall] be seen
Singular Plural
I have been seen We have been seen
You have been seen You have been seen
He, she, it has been seen They have been seen

Past Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
I had been seen We had been seen
You had been seen You had been seen
He, she, it had been seen They had been seen
Singular Plural
I will [shall] have been seen We will [shall] have been seen
You will [shall] have been seen You will [shall] have been seen
He, she, it will [shall] have been seen They will [shall] have been seen
NOTE: The progressive forms of the passive voice exist

for the future present perfect, past perfect, and future
perfect tense. However, these forms are not used often.
Transitive verbs in the active voice have direct
objects and transitive verbs in the passive voice do
not.
[The women of Brewster Place is
the
EXAMPLE direct object]
Gloria Naylor wrote The Women of Brewster Place.
The women of Brewster Place was written by Gloria Naylor.

[no direct object]
You can see how an active construction can become
a passive construction.
 The verb from the active construction becomes a past participle

preceded by a form of be.
 The object of the verb becomes the subject of the verb in a pas
sive construction. The subject in an active construction may be
come the object of the preposition by in a passive construction.
The Retained Object
 A transitive verb in the active voice often has both an indirect

object and direct object.
 When such as verb is put in the passive voice, either object c

an become the subject. The other object then serves as a
complement called a retained object.
EXAMPLES
Active Voice
Ms. Ribas gave each student a thesaurus.
RO
Passive Voice
Each student was given a thesaurus [by Ms. Ribas].
RO
A thesaurus was given each student [by Ms. Ribas].
NOTE: A complement in a passive construction

is retained object, not a direct or indirect object.
The Uses of the Passive Voice
21h. The passive voice should be used sparingly. Use

the passive voice in the following occasions.
(1) When you do not know the performer of the action.
EX. Asbestos was used for making fireproof materials.
(2) When you do not want to reveal the performer of the
action. EX. The missing paintings have been returned to the
museum.
(3) When you want to emphasize the receiver of the action.
EX. Penicillin was discovered accidentally.
04
MOOD
Mood is the form a verb takes to indicate of the person
using the verb.
Verbs in English may be in one of three moods:
 Indicative
 Imperative
 Subjunctive
21m. The indicative mood expresses a fact, an
opinion, or a question.
EXAMPLES
Andrei Sakharov was the nuclear physicist who won the
Nobel Prize in 1975
Can you explain the difference between a meteor and a

meteorite?
21n. The subjunctive mood expresses a suggestion, a necessity, a
condition contrary to fact, or a wish.
Only the present and past tenses have distinctive subjunctive forms.
Present Indicative Present Subjunctive

Singular Plural Singular Plural
I am We are (that) I be (that) we be
You are You are (that) you be (that) you be
He, she, it is They are (that) he, she, it (that) they be
be
Past Indicative Past Subjunctive
Singular Plural Singular Plural
I was We were (if) I were (if) we were
You were You were (if) you were (if) you were
He, she, it was They were (if) he, she, it were (if) they were
(1) The present subjunctive expresses a suggestion or a necessity.
(2) The past subjunctive expresses a condition a contrary to fact or

expresses a wish.
MODAL
Modal is a helping, or auxiliary, verb that is joined with a main
verb to express an attitude toward the action or state of the main
verb.
The helping verbs can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall,
should, will, and would are modals.
1. The modals can and could are used to express ability.
2. The modal may is used to express permission or possibility.
3. The modal might, like many, is used to express possibility.
4. The modal must is used most often to express a requirement.
5. The modal ought is used to express obligation or likelihood.
6. The modals shall and will are used to express future time.
7. The modal should is used to express a recommendation,

an obligation, or a possibility.
8. The modal would is used to express the conditional form of

a verb
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Chapter 21 - Using Verbs Correctly Updated

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Using Verbs Correctly

Helping Verb + PAST Participle = Verb Phrase

NOTE: The regular verbs deal and mean always form

NONSTANDARD We should have ask for directions.

STANDARD We should have asked for directions.

bend (is) bending bent [have] bent

teach (is) teaching taught [have] taught

burst (is) bursting burst [have] burst

STANDARD I never swam in this lake before.

In using past participle form without a helping verb

STANDARD She has swum to shore to get help.

NONSTANDARD We bursted into laughter as soon as we saw the comedian.

STANDARD We burst into laughter as soon as we saw the comedian.

See page 648 for more examples.

See page 650 – 652 for more examples.

Lie and Lay

lay (is) laying laid [have] laid

 The printout is lying there next to the computer.

 The holiday decorations lay in the box. [no object]

Base Form Present Participle Past Past Participle

set (is) setting set [have] set

 May I sit here? [no object]

 The candles sat on the piano. [no object]

Base Form Present Participle Past Past Participle

rise (is) rising rose [have] risen

 She rose from the chair uncertainly. [no object]

 The prices of fresh fruit and vegetables have risen

Past Present Future

Past Perfect Present Perfect Future Perfect

All of the forms of a verb according to tense is called conjugating a verb.

Conjugation of the Verbs See in the Active Voice

Conjugation of the Verbs See in the Active Voice

Conjugation of the Verbs See in the Active Voice

Present Emphatic Do, does see

Conjugation of the Verb be

Conjugation of the Verb be

Conjugation of the Verb be

 To show customary or habitual action or state of being.

NOTE: A past action or state of being may also be

 The present tense of be followed by going to and the base form

 The present tense of be followed by about to and the base

 The present tense of a verb with a word or phrase that

 Miguel and Tim have already entered the information in

 Who has been using this computer?

NOTE: Do not use the present perfect tense to express

EXAMPLES [future perfect]

If she had handed in her application, she would have

Present Infinitive to see to be to change

 They claimed to have spent three weeks exploring the ship.

Passive voice – the subject receives the action.

Conjugation of the Verbs See in the Passive Voice

Conjugation of the Verbs See in the Passive Voice

NOTE: The progressive forms of the passive voice exist

The women of Brewster Place was written by Gloria Naylor.

 The verb from the active construction becomes a past participle

 A transitive verb in the active voice often has both an indirect

 When such as verb is put in the passive voice, either object c

NOTE: A complement in a passive construction

21h. The passive voice should be used sparingly. Use

Can you explain the difference between a meteor and a

Present Indicative Present Subjunctive

(1) The present subjunctive expresses a suggestion or a necessity.