Thomasi: Chapter 11 and 14 Roger L. Freeman: Chapter 18 cellular telephony Not Cellular Not Cellular Not Cellular Evolution to cellular networks –communication anytime, anywhere • radio communication was invented by Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo Marconi: in 1893, Nikola Tesla made the first public demonstration of wireless (radio) telegraphy; Guglielmo Marconi conducted long ditance (over see) telegraphy 1897 • in 1940 the first walkie-talkie was used by the US military • in 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain from AT&T’s Bell Labs invented the transistor (semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals) • AT&T introduced commercial radio comm.: car phone – two way radio link to the local phone network • in 1979 the first commercial cellular phone service was launched by the Nordic Mobile Telephone (in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark). Cellular systems generations
• 1G (first generation) – voice-oriented systems based on analog technology;
ex.: Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS) and cordless systems • 2G (second generation) - voice-oriented systems based on digital technology; more efficient and used less spectrum than 1G; ex.: Global System for Mobile (GSM) and US Time Division Multiple Access (US- TDMA) • 3G (third generation) – high-speed voice-oriented systems integrated with data services; ex.: General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) • 4G (fourth generation) – still experimental, not deployed yet; based on Internet protocol networks and will provide voice, data and multimedia service to subscribers Frequency reuse • It is a method used by service providers to improve the efficiency of a cellular network and to serve millions of subscribers using a limited radio spectrum • It is based on the fact that after a distance a radio wave gets attenuated and the signal falls bellow a point where it can no longer be used or cause any interference • A transmitter transmitting in a specific frequency range will have only a limited coverage area beyond this coverage area, that frequency can be reused by another transmitter. • Same frequency is reused after a certain distance in cellular system. Network Cells • The entire network coverage area is divided into cells based on the principle of frequency reuse • A cell = basic geographical unit of a cellular network; is the area around an antenna where a specific frequency range is used; is represented graphically as a hexagonal shape, but in reality it is irregular in shape. • When a subscriber moves to another cell, the antenna of the new cell takes over the signal transmission. • A cluster is a group of adiacent cells, usually 7 cells; no frequency reuse is done within a cluster • The frequency spectrum is divided into subbands and each subband is used within one cell of the cluster. • In heavy traffic zones cells are smaller, while in isolated zones cells are larger. Network cells (2) Types of cells • Macrocell – their coverage is large (aprox. 6 miles in diameter); used in remote areas, high-power transmitters and receivers are used • Microcell – their coverage is small (half a mile in diameter) and are used in urban zones; low-powered transmitters and receivers are used to avoid interference with cells in another clusters • Picocell – covers areas such as building or a tunnel Other cellular concepts • Handover = moving a call from one zone (from the transmitter-receiver from one zone) to another zone due to subscriber’s mobility • Roaming = allowing the subscriber to send/receive calls outside the service provider’s coverage area.
• When a person is in a moving vehicle, in every few kilometers there will be
a handover of cells and when some one is crossing a border of a MSC (sometimes border of a country) then roaming occurs. Multiple access schemes
Frequency Division Multiple Access Time Division Multiple Access Code Division Multiple Access - when the subscriber enters another cell a - each subscriber is assigned a time slot to - each subscriber is assigned a code which is unique frequency is assigned to him; used in send/receive a data burst; is used in digital used to multiply the signal sent or received by analog systems systems the subscriber Cellular services • voice communication • Short Messaging Service (SMS) • Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) • Global Positioning System (GPS) • Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) – to access the Internet Cellular network components Cellular network components (2) • BTS (Base Transceiver Station) – main component of a cell and it connects the subscribers to the cellular network; for transmission/reception of information it uses several antennas spread across the cell. • BSC (Basic Station Controller) – it is an interface between BTSs and it is linked to BTSs by cable or microwave links; it routes calls between BTSs; it is also connected to the MSC. • MSC (Mobile Switching Center) – the coordinator of a cellular network, it is connected to several BSCs, it routes calls between BSCs; links the cellular network with other networks like PSTN through fiber optics, microwave or copper cable. Components of a cellular phone (MSU – Mobile Subscriber Unit)
• radio transceiver – low power radio transmitter and receiver
• antenna, usually located inside the phone
• control circuitry – formats the data sent to and from the BTS; controls signal transmission and reception • man-machine interface – consists from a keypad and a display; is managed by the control circuitry • Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) – integrated circuit card that stores the identity information of subscriber • battery, usually Li-ion, the power unit of the phone Setting up a call process • when powered on, the phone does not have a frequency/ time slot/ode assigned to it yet; so it scans for the control channel of the BTS and picks the strongest signal • then it sends a message (including its identification number) to the BTS to indicate its presence • the BTS sends an acknowledgement message back to the cell phone • the phone then registers with the BTS and informs the BTS of its exact location • after the phone is registered to the BTS, the BTS assigns a channel to the phone and the phone is ready to receive or make calls Making a call process • the subscriber dials the receiver’s number and sends it to the BTS • the BTS sends to its BSC the ID, location and number of the caller and also the number of the receiver • the BSC forwards this information to its MSC • the MSC routes the call to the receiver’s MSC which is then sent to the receiver’s BSC and then to its BTS • the communication with the receiver’s cell phone is established Receiving a call process • when the receiver’ phone is in an idle state it listens for the control channel of its BTS • if there is an incoming call the BSC and BTS sends a message to the cells in the area where the receiver’s phone is located • the phone monitors its message and compares the number from the message with its own • if the numbers matches the cell phone sends an acknowledgement to the BTS • after authentication, the communication is established between the caller and the receiver Satellite Communication Satellite Communication - Introduction • In general terms, a satellite is a smaller object that revolves around a larger object in space. For example, moon is a natural satellite of earth. • We know that Communication refers to the exchange (sharing) of information between two or more entities, through any medium or channel. In other words, it is nothing but sending, receiving and processing of information. • If the communication takes place between any two earth stations through a satellite, then it is called as satellite communication. In this communication, electromagnetic waves are used as carrier signals. These signals carry the information such as voice, audio, video or any other data between ground and space and vice-versa. How a Satellite Works • A satellite is a body that moves around another body in a particular path. A communication satellite is nothing but a microwave repeater station in space. It is helpful in telecommunications, radio and television along with internet applications. • A repeater is a circuit, which increases the strength of the received signal and then transmits it. But, this repeater works as a transponder. That means, it changes the frequency band of the transmitted signal from the received one. • The frequency with which, the signal is sent into the space is called as Uplink frequency. Similarly, the frequency with which, the signal is sent by the transponder is called as Downlink frequency. The following figure illustrates this concept clearly. • The transmission of signal from first earth station to satellite through a channel is called as uplink. Similarly, the transmission of signal from satellite to second earth station through a channel is called as downlink. • Uplink frequency is the frequency at which, the first earth station is communicating with satellite. The satellite transponder converts this signal into another frequency and sends it down to the second earth station. This frequency is called as Downlink frequency. In similar way, second earth station can also communicate with the first one. • The process of satellite communication begins at an earth station. Here, an installation is designed to transmit and receive signals from a satellite in an orbit around the earth. Earth stations send the information to satellites in the form of high powered, high frequency (GHz range) signals. • The satellites receive and retransmit the signals back to earth where they are received by other earth stations in the coverage area of the satellite. Satellite's footprint is the area which receives a signal of useful strength from the satellite. Applications of Satellite Communication
Satellite communication plays a vital role in our daily life. Following are the applications of satellite communication − • Radio broadcasting and voice communications • TV broadcasting such as Direct To Home (DTH) • Internet applications such as providing Internet connection for data transfer, GPS applications, Internet surfing, etc. • Military applications and navigations • Remote sensing applications • Weather condition monitoring & Forecasting • A satellite, when it revolves around the earth, undergoes a pulling force from the earth, which is gravitational force. • Similarly, it experiences another pulling force from the sun and the moon. • Therefore, a satellite has to balance these two forces to keep itself in its orbit. Earth Orbit Satellites • Satellite should be properly placed in the corresponding orbit after leaving it in the space. It revolves in a particular way and serves its purpose for scientific, military or commercial. • The orbits, which are assigned to satellites with respect to earth are called as Earth Orbits. The satellites present in those orbits are called as Earth Orbit Satellites. • We should choose an orbit properly for a satellite based on the requirement. • For example, if the satellite is placed in lower orbit, then it takes less time to travel around the earth and there will be better resolution in an onboard camera. • Similarly, if the satellite is placed in higher orbit, then it takes more time to travel around the earth and it covers more earth’s surface at one time. three important types of Earth Orbit satellites:
• Geosynchronous Earth Orbit Satellites
Medium Earth Orbit Satellites Low Earth Orbit Satellites Geosynchronous Earth OrbitSatellites • A Geo-synchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) Satellite is one, which is placed at an altitude of 22,300 miles above the Earth. This orbit is synchronized with a side real day (i.e., 23 hours 56 minutes). • The satellites present in these orbits have the angular velocity same as that of earth. Hence, these satellites are considered as stationary with respect to earth since, these are in synchronous with the Earth’s rotation. • The advantage of Geostationary orbit is that no need to track the antennas in order to find the position of satellites. • Geostationary Earth Orbit Satellites are used for weather forecasting, satellite TV, satellite radio and other types of global communications. Medium Earth Orbit Satellites • Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites will orbit at distances of about 8000 miles from earth's surface. • Signals transmitted from a MEO satellite travel a shorter distance. Due to this, the signal strength at the receiving end gets improved. • This shows that smaller and light weight receiving terminals can be used at the receiving end. • These satellites are used for High speed telephone signals. Ten or more MEO satellites are required in order to cover entire earth. • For real-time communications, the shorter the transmission delay, the better will be the communication system. As an example, if a GEO satellite requires 0.25 seconds for a round trip, then MEO satellite requires less than 0.1 seconds to complete the same trip. MEOs operate in the frequency range of 2 GHz and above. Low Earth Orbit Satellites • Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites are mainly classified into three categories. Those are little LEOs, big LEOs, and Mega-LEOs. • LEOs will orbit at a distance of 500 to 1000 miles above the earth's surface. • These satellites are used for satellite phones and GPS. 1. What are the differences between macrocells, minicells, and microcells? 2. Describe frequency reuse. Why is it useful in cellular telephone systems? 3. Explain what the term roaming means. Explain the term handoff. 4. With proper diagram, differentiate between roaming and handoff. 5. List and describe the six essential components of a cellular telephone network 6. Briefly describe a satellite. How a Satellite Works? 7. Explain the kepler’s law. 8. Briefly describe the functional characteristics of an uplink, a transponder, and a downlink model for a satellite system. 9. What is meant by Earth Orbit Satellites. Describe the three important types of Earth Orbit satellites 10.Advantages, disadvantages and application of satellite system. 11.Describe the launching steps of a satellite.
