Chapter 1 Overview

 Introduction
 1-1 Descriptive and Inferential
Statistics
 1-2 Variables and Types of Data
 1-3 Data Collection & Sampling
Techniques
 1-4 Observational and Experimental
Studies
 1-5 Uses and Misuses of Statistics
 1-6 Computers and Calculators
Bluman Chapter 1 1
Introduction
Statistics is the science of conducting
studies to
 collect,
 organize,
 summarize,
 analyze, and
 draw conclusions from data.

Bluman Chapter 1 2
1-1 Descriptive and Inferential
Statistics
A variable is a characteristic or attribute
that can assume different values.
The values that a variable can assume are
called data.
data
A population consists of all subjects (human
or otherwise) that are studied.
A sample is a subset of the population.

Bluman Chapter 1 3
1-1 Descriptive and Inferential
Statistics
Descriptive statistics consists of the
collection, organization, summarization, and
presentation of data.
Inferential statistics consists of
generalizing from samples to populations,
performing estimations and hypothesis tests,
determining relationships among variables,
and making predictions.


Bluman Chapter 1 4
1-2 Variables and Types of Data
D a ta

Quantitative
Categorical Numerical,
Can be ranked

Discrete Continuous
Countable Can be decimals
5, 29, 8000, etc. 2.59, 312.1, etc.

Bluman Chapter 1 5
ORGANIZING DATA

Suppose a researcher wished to do a study on the number of miles

that employees of a large department store traveled to work each day.
The researcher first would have to collect the data by asking each employee
the approximate distance the store is from his or her home. When data are collec
In original form, they are called raw data . In this case the data are
A survey was taken on how much trust people place in
the information they read on the Internet. Construct a
categorical frequency distribution for the data.
A = trust in everything they read,
M = trust in most of what they read,
H = trust in about half of what they read,
S = trust in a small portion of what
they read.

M M M A H M S M H M
S M M M M A M M A M
M M H M M M H M H M
A M M M H M M M M M
Class Tally f Percen
A IIII 4 10%
M IIII IIII 28 70%
IIII IIII
IIII III
H IIII I 6 15%
S II 2 5%
40 100%

M M M A H M S M H M
S M M M M A M M A M
M M H M M M H M H M
A M M M H M M M M M
How to construct a categorical frequency distribution for data:
How to construct a grouped frequency distribution:
The lower class limit: represents the smallest data that can be
included in the class.

The upper class limit: represents the largest data value that can be
included
in the class.

The class boundaries: are used to separate the classes so that there
no gaps
in the frequency distribution.
The average quantitative GRE scores for the top 30graduate
schools of engineering are listed below. Construct a frequency
distribution with six classes.

76 77 76 76 77 76 77 77 75 77
776 076 174 076 175 877 677 177 676 076
378 075 774 676 476 175 175 875 675 274
0 0 6 4 9 9 7 3 8 6
H =780 L =746
Range=780– 746=34
Width=34÷6=6.6 or 7
UseRule2:
Width=7
Limits Boundarie f cf
745 – s744 . 5 – 4 4
751
752 – 751 . 5 – 5 9
758
759 – 758
758 .. 55 – 7 16
765
766 – 765 . 5 – 11 27
772
773 – 772 . 5 – 2 29
779
780 – 779 . 5 – 1 30
786 786 . 5 30

H =780 L =746
Range=34
Width=7
For 108 randomly selected college applicants, the
following frequency distribution for entrance exam
scores was obtained. Construct a histogram,
frequency polygon, and ogive for the data.

Class limits Frequency

90 – 98 6
99 – 107 22
108 – 116 43
117 – 125 28
126 – 134 9
 Limits Boundaries f
90 – 98 89 . 5 – 6
99 – 98
98 .. 55 – 22
108
107 – 107
107 .. 55 – 43
117
116 – 116
116 .. 55 – 28
126
125 – 125
125 .. 55 – 9
134 134 . 5

50
40
Frequency

30
20
10
0
89.5 98.5 107.5 116.5 125.5 134.5
Score
 60
Frequency
40

20

0
85 94 103 112 121 130 139
Score
 Cumulative
Frequency
100
120

0
20
40
60
80

89
.5

98
.5
10
7.
5
11
Score

6.
5
12
5.
5
13
4.
5
Applicants who score above 107need not enroll in a summer
developmental program. In this group, how many students do not
have to enroll in the
developmental program?

Limits Boundarie f cf
90 – 89
s .5 – 6 6
99
98 – 98
98 .. 55 – 22 28
108
107 – 107
107 .. 55 – 43 71
117
116 – 116
116 .. 55 – 28 99
126
125 – 125
125 . 5 . 5 – 9 10
134 134 . 5 8

Eighty applicants do not need to enroll in

the summer programs.