The OSI Model

Network Security
About OSI MODEL

 To show how to facilitate communication

between different systems
 It is not a protocol, it is a model for
underlying and designing a network
architecture that is flexible, robust and
interoperable
 A layered framework

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Network Security
Physical Layer

 Transmission of bit stream over medium

 Deals with mechanical & electrical
specifications of interface & medium
 Defines the type of encoding
 Defines Data Transmission Rate
 Synchronize sender and receiver
 Line configuration (connection)
 Physical Topology & Transmission Mode
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Data Link Layer

 Framing (Manageable Data Units)

 Physical Addressing (adds Header) – It is
the address of a particular node defined by its LAN.
 Flow Control – Controls the speed of sender & rec.
 Error Control (Detection & Correction)
 Access Control – If two or more devices are
connected to same link, it is necessary to determine
which device has control over the link at any given time.

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Network Layer

 Source-to-destination delivery of packet

 Logical Addressing – 32-bit address
 Routing – Use routers, switches etc.

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Transport Layer
 Process-to-process delivery
 Ensures intact delivery of a message
 Error & flow control at Src.-to-Dest. Level
 Damage, loss or duplication of data - Retransmission

 Service-point addressing (Port address)

 Segmentation & Reassembly – Each segment
is assigned a sequence number
 Connection control – CL or CO
 3 way handshake process – Connection Establishment,
Communication & Termination

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Session Layer

 Network Dialog Controller – Establishes,

maintains and synchronizes the interaction among
communicating systems (processes).
 Adds check-points to data stream –
Divides a file into pages and insert check-points at every
fixed interval to ensure that each page is received and
ACKed independently. If a crash happens only that page
needs to be resent.

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Presentation Layer

 Syntax & Semantics of information

 Translation – Interoperability between different
encoding methods. It changes information at sender from
sender-dependent format to common format & vice-versa
 Data Encryption & Decryption
 Data Compression – Important in transmission of
multimedia such as text, audio, and video.

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Application Layer

 Enables one to access the network

 Provides interface & support for services
like email, remote file access & transfer
 Acts as Network Virtual Terminal – Allows
users to log on to a remote host.
 FTAM – File Transfer, Access & management
 Mail services
 Directory services – Access to distributed
database sources & global information

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Summary of Layer Functions

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Facts

 An Open System is a set of protocols that

allows any two different systems to
communicate regardless of their underlying
architecture.
 Physical, Data Link & Network layers are
network support layers.
 Session, Presentation & Application layers are
user support layers.
 Transport layer links the network support & the
user support layers.
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Things to do

 Design Issues of OSI layers

 Critics of OSI Model

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