FORMATION EVALUATION LAB

calculation of porosity and water saturation

Group ( 2 )
Areej Ahmed Abdali
Baraa Abdulhassan Abdulkazem
** Saif Mohammed Hadi **
Zeinab Thergam Turkey
Taha Amer
19/5/2020
Outlines
1- types Of Logs
A-Density Log
B-Neutron log
C- sonic log
D-Gamma Ray (x-ray) log
E- Resistivity log
F- Spontaneous potential log

2- porosity calculations
•Phi density
•Phi neutron
•Effective porosity

3-water saturation calculations

•Dual water model
•Archie model
•Archie ( phi total ) model
•Simandoux model
•Modsimandoux model
•Indonesian model
•Modindonesian model
•Juhasz ( W & S ) model
•Waxman smits model

4-Calculating porosity from neutron log

5-Homework
Top depth 3699
Bottom depth 4080
We take this depths because those are the
depths with sensors and log tools inserted in
it , And have no forgotten values of depths .
1-types of logs
A- Density log
is one of the most important properties in formation
evaluation . The most frequently used scales are a range of
2.0 to 3.0 gm/cc or 1.95 to 2.95 gm/cc across bulk density
tracks. In the majority of the wells drilled, density is the
primary indicator of porosity. In combination with other
measurements, it may also be used to indicate lithology and
formation fluid type . Porosity in this types of logs can be determined as :
1-types of logs
B-Neutron Log
Neutron tools were the first logging instruments to use radioactive
sources for determining the porosity of the formation . After the later
introduction of the gamma-gamma density tool, the neutron
measurement was applied in conjunction with the density porosity
reading in order to recognize and correct for effects of shale and gas
The neutron count is presented in API (American Petroleum Institute)
units . Neutron tool response is dominated by Neutron Log .
1-types of logs

C- A sonic log
is an acoustic log that emits sound waves which
start at the source, travel through the formation, and return back
to the receiver The travel time from the source to the receiver is
called slowness and as a result sonic logs are Sometimes referred
to as sonic slowness logs . Porosity in this types of logs can be
determined as :
1-types of logs

D- A-Gamma ray (x – ray) Sensors

It is considered one of the most important sensors because it
reflects the extent to which the rock contains or cleans the
radioactive material (shale). Rocks differ in their radiation to
gamma rays by the amount they contain shale and other clay
minerals as the anhydrite and limestone are clean compared to
the shale, baby and baskets that are radioactive. The gamma
ray sensor is useful for making geological comparisons to know
the sequence of layers, as Well as for fixing the depths of
drilling when perforation is performed. The Kama radiation is
recorded in units of API that range from zero to 100
1-types of logs

E-Resistivity Logs
These sensors record the resistance of the rocks to the
passage of electrical current through them. The
liquids in the pores of the rocks (water gas oil) are of
different resistance to the passage of the electric
current. Oil and gas are more resistant to the passage
of the electric current than water, and fresh water is
.more resistant to current than salt water
1-types of logs

F- Spontaneous potential log

commonly called the self potential log or SP log, is a passive
measurement taken by oil industry well loggers to characterize
rock formation properties . The log works by measuring small
electric potentials between depths with in the borehole and a
grounded electrode at the surface .
2- porosity calculations
From calculation >> choose basic log functions .
2- porosity calculations
Choose the logs that calculate Phi >> density and neutron logs >> matrix density for
limestone is 2.71 >> fluid density is 1 >> neutron tool is CNL .
Click run tab .
2- porosity calculations
Click on interpretation >> basic log analysis , to show plot .
2- porosity calculations
Then Click make plot .
2- porosity calculations
Will show this plot we delete all this tracks and make a new others for Phi
types
2- porosity calculations
• Phi density
2- porosity calculations
• Phi density

From depth 3700-3750 porosity is start to increase

From depth of 3750-3800 Decrease by a few
From depth 3800-3880 porosity is very low
From 3880-3900 porosity is high
From depth of 3900-3940 porosity is high
From depth of 3940-3950 porosity is very low
From depth of 3950-4050 porosity is high
2- porosity calculations
• Phi neutron
2- porosity calculations
• Phi neutron
From depth 3700-3718porosity is normally
From depth 3718-3725porosity is very low
From depth of 3725-3785 decrease by a few
From depth 3785-3825 porosity is normally
From 3825-3850 porosity is very low
From depth of 3850-3900 increase by a few
From depth of 3900-3950 decrease by a few
From depth of 3950-3990 porosity is high
From depth of 3990-4010 porosity is very low
From depth of 4010-4050 porosity is increasing
2- porosity calculations
• Effective porosity interpretation >> porosity and water saturation >> then
select PHIE and press ok .
2- porosity calculations
• Effective porosity
Then calculate temperature gradient and click run >> plot it .
2- porosity calculations
• Effective porosity
2- porosity calculations
• Effective porosity
From depth 3700-3750 porosity is low
From depth 3750-3760 porosity is high
From depth of 3760-3800 decrease by a few
From depth 3800-3880 porosity is very low
From 3880-3900 porosity is high
From depth of 3900-3940 decrease by a few
From depth of 3940-3950 porosity is very low
From depth of 3950-4050 porosity is high
2- porosity calculations
The different in porosity logs is just in equations :
2- porosity calculations
The density device moves when we insert it into the well, and there will be
inflation areas and narrow areas, so the density readings will be different.
3-water saturation calculations
Click on interpretation >> porosity and water saturation >> choose the 9
models to plot water saturation .
3-water saturation calculations
• Dual water model
3-water saturation calculations
• Dual water model
From depth 3700-3750 saturation is high
From depth 3750-3800 saturation is low
From depth 3800-3850 saturation is high
From depth 3860 -3950 saturation is low
From depth 3950-4500 saturation is high
3-water saturation calculations
• Archie model
3-water saturation calculations
• Archie model

At depth 3700 saturation is high then begins to decrease down to depth 3760
depth 3775 - 3780 saturation is high
depth 3800-3840 saturation is low
depth 3840-3875 saturation is high
At depth 3875 -3900 saturation is low then begins to increase to depth 3940
depth 3940-4000 saturation is very high
3-water saturation calculations
• Archie ( phi total ) model
3-water saturation calculations
• Archie ( phi total ) model

From depth 3700-3750 saturation is high

From depth of 3750-3800 saturation is low
From depth 3800-3850 saturation is high
From 3850-3950 saturation depth is low
From depth of 3950-4000 saturation is high
3-water saturation calculations
• Simandoux model
3-water saturation calculations
• Simandoux model

At depth 3700 -3730 saturation is high then begins to decrease to depth 3750
at depth 3750 saturation is high
at depth 3765-3800 saturation is low
at depth 3800-3830 saturation is high
at depth 3830-3900 saturation is low
at depth 3900-3950 saturation is high then begins decrease to depth 4000
 3-water saturation calculations
• Modsimandoux model
3-water saturation calculations
• Modsimandoux model

At depth 3700 saturation is high

at 3750 saturation is low
at depth 3800 saturation is high
under depth 3800 to 3950 saturation is low
depth 4000 is saturation very low
3-water saturation calculations
• Indonesian model
3-water saturation calculations
• Indonesian model

Saturation at depth 3700 is high and then begins to gradually decrease to

3750 depth
After depth 3750, saturation is high to depth 3850
from depth 3850 - 3950 Saturation decreases
at depth 3950 the saturation rises to 4000
at depth 4000 Saturation is very low
3-water saturation calculations
• Modindonesian model
3-water saturation calculations
• Modindonesian model
At depth 3700 saturation is low then begins to increase to depth 3720 after
that depth saturation begin low
depth 3740-3780 saturation is low
depth 3780-3840 saturation is high then begins to decrease down to depth
3900
at 3900 saturation begins increase
depth 3950 saturation is high then begins to decrease to depth 3970
at depth 3970 saturation is high then begins to decrease to depth 4000
3-water saturation calculations
• Juhasz ( W & S ) model
3-water saturation calculations
• Juhasz ( W & S ) model

At depth 3700 saturation is high then begins to decrease down to depth 3750
depth 3750-3850 Saturation is high
3850-3950 Saturation is low
Saturation from depth 3950 is high down to depth 4000
At saturation 4000 the saturation is very low
3-water saturation calculations
• Waxman smits model
3-water saturation calculations
• Waxman smits model

From depth 3700-3800 saturation is high

From depth 3800-3850 saturation is high
From depth 3860-3950 saturation is low
From depth 3950 -4500 saturation is high
4-Calculating porosity from neutron log
POROSITY FROM THE NEUTRON LOG
The response equation for the neutron porosity log also follows the classical form:

1: PHIN = PHIe * Sxo * PHINw (water term)

+ PHIe * (1 - Sxo) * PHINh (hydrocarbon term)
+ Vsh * PHINsh (shale term)
+ (1 - Vsh - PHIe) * Sum (Vi * PHINi) (matrix term)

Where:
PHINh = log reading in 100% hydrocarbon
PHINi = log reading in 100% of the ith component of matrix rock
PHIN = log reading
PHINsh = log reading in 100% shale
PHINw = log reading in 100% water
PHIe = effective porosity (fractional)
Sxo = water saturation in invaded zone (fractional)
Vi = volume of ith component of matrix rock
Vsh = volume of shale (fractional)
5-Homework
• The different between CNL and SNP
The explanation for this effect is that the SNP tool responds only to the
slowing down of the neutrons by hydrogen atoms, whereas the CNL
measurement is also affected by the neutron capture process, since the
tool measures both thermal and epithermal neutrons.
• Matrix density for limestone is

• DT matrix DT fluid is
• Thank you