CHAPTER 1

UNDERSTANDING HISTORY
 HISTORY
 Study of past events

 Generally represents the known past

 “What is unknown is yet to be retrieved”

 A Study of Theory
by Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889-1975)
 A Study of Theory
by Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889-1975)

 A British historian that stated that

history reflects the progress of
civilizations and societies.
 Exchange Theory
by Alvin Scaff

 His Exchange Theory refers to the systematic

statement of principles that govern the exchange of
goods between individuals, between groups,
between organization and even between nations.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-
1831)
 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-
1831)
 A German idealist philosopher, conceived the
subject matter of philosophy to be reality as a
whole. His reality he referred to as the Absolute
Spirit. For him, the task of philosophy is to chart
the development of the Absolute Spirit.
 Hegel’s role of historical man follows a principle, which he
called WELTGIEST.

Weltgiest – world spirit (patriotism, heroism, unity)

Geisteswissenchaften – world of spirit of thought

Naturwissenchaften – complete opposite of the

Geisteswissenchaften
Economic Theory
of Karl Marx
 Economic Theory
of Karl Marx

 He asserts the prevailing economic system

determines the form of societal organization and
the intellectual history of the epoch, which
attributes actions and events in history of
economic motives.

GOD GOLD GLORY

 Communist Manifesto
written by Karl Marx

 It contains the statement of principles of the

Communist League, embodies the materialistic
concept of history or historical materialism. The
manifesto states that the history of society is a
history of struggles between ruling class and
oppressed masses.
Fernand Braudel (1902-1985)
Fernand Braudel (1902-1985)

 He is considered as the Father of Historical

Structuralism

 According to him, to achieve a “total history”,

all aspects of man’s past are to be integrated.
Philippine History is a people’s
history.
Renato Constantino
 Renato Constantino
 He stated that history is “the recorded struggle of
people for ever increasing freedom and for newer
and higher realization of the human person.”

 It is not about the story of a man as the individual

but man as the associated man.
 The Philippines: A Past Revisited
by Renato Constantino

 Pointed out that the masses of individual as well as

the social forces generated by collective lives and
struggles have to be included. Men must struggle
together to survive the exigencies of natural or
social forces intervening their development.
THANK YOU!

Alliah Cyril Hernandez

Reyvhell Calabia
1 BSA-1