CLIMATOLOGY

Coordinator:-Asst. Prof. Gaurav Goyal

 TOPICS
• Methods of Heat Transfer
• Thermal Comfort Factors
• Thermal Comfort Indices
• Application of ET, CET
• Psychometric chart
• Bioclimatic chart
 Methods of Heat Transfer

Conduction

Convection

Radiation
Building Loses and Gains Heat in 3 Way
 Methods of Heat Transfer

Conduction

Convection

Radiation
•The radiation exchange between
the exposed parts of the building
and the atmosphere is an
important factor.
 Thermal Comfort
• Our life cycle comprises Activity, fatigue and recovery.

• Recovery is essential to counter balance against mental and physical fatigue

through recreation, rest and sleep.

• This can be affected by unfavorable climatic conditions and the resulting stress
on body and mind causes discomfort, loss of efficiency and breakdown of health.

Thermal comfort is the condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal
environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55).

This condition is also known as Neutral Condition.

• The task of the designer is to create the best possible indoor climate or even the
environment for the users as they judge the quality of design based on physical and
motional point of view.
Thermal Comfort
 Thermal Comfort
• Interest in establishing thermal comfort criteria dates
back to Europe to the beginning of the 19th century.
• It started during the Industrial revolution when
significant reforms to industry and housing were being
introduced.
• This was done as heat and humidity stress led to illnesses
and accidents.
Factors affecting thermal comfort:
• Air temperature
• Humidity
• Radiation
• Air movement
 BODY THERMAL BALANCE
• Heat is continuously produced in the body. Most
biochemical processes involved in tissue building,
energy conversion and muscular work are exotherm.
• The energy needed is obtained from consumption
and digestion of food and this process by which food
is converted into living matter and useful form of
energy is called metabolism.
Metabolic heat production:
• Basal metabolism: Heat production of vegetative,
automatic process.
• Muscular metabolism: Heat production due to
consciously controlled work.
BODY HEAT PRODUCTION
 BODY HEAT PRODUCTION
• A living human body may be linked to a heat engine in
which the chemical energy contained in the food it
consumed is converted into work and heat.
• The process od conversion of chemical energy contained
in food into heat and work is called as “metabolism”.

• The rate at which the chemical energy is converted into

heat and work is called as “metabolic rate”.
• Thermal efficiency of a human being can be defined as
the ratio of useful work output to the energy input
• Thermal efficiency of a human being can vary from 0%
to as high as 15-20 % for a short duaration.
 BODY HEAT PRODUCTION
• Only 20% of the heat produced in the body is utilized and
surplus heat must be dissipated.
• Thermoregulation is the process that allows the human body to
maintain its core internal temperature.
• The state of having an even internal temperature is called
homeostasis. All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to
return the body to homeostasis.
• A healthy, safe temperature has a very narrow window –
between 98.6°F (37°C) and 100°F (37.8°C). (Skin temp. is 31 to
34 deg.)
• The human body releases heat to the environment by
evaporation, radiation, convection and to a lesser extent by
conduction.
BODY HEAT PRODUCTION
BODY HEAT PRODUCTION
Thermal Comfort
 Thermal Comfort
Thermal comfort depends upon four climatic variables, but
preferences can vary among individuals.
• Clothing: A person wearing a suit will require a temperature about 9
deg. lower than a naked body.
• Acclimatization: A person adjusts to a new set of climatic conditions
in about 30 days. (A person in London might be comfortable at 18
deg., but will be comfortable in India at 25 after spending a month.
• Age and sex.: Women have higher metabolic rates and their
preference is 1 deg. Higher than men.
• Body Shape: A corpulent person with same weight as a thin person
dissipates more heat due to larger surface area.
• Fat: Excellent insulator.
• State of health.
• Food and drink.
• Skin color: Dark skin has melanin which prevents higher UV
penetration than lighter skin.
 Thermal Comfort Scale
• A single scale which combines the effects of various
thermal comfort factors (such as air temperature,
humidity, air movement and radiation) is called a
THERMAL INDEX or COMFORT SCALE.
• The designer has to handle four such factors to
understand the effect of climatic conditions on the
body’s heat dissipation process.
The factors:
• Air temperature
• Humidity
• Air movement
• Radiation
• Subjective factors.
 Indices for Thermal Comfort
• Important factors which affect thermal comfort are the
activity, clothing, air DBT, RH, air velocity and
surrounding temperature.
• Since many factors are involved, many combinations of
the above conditions provide comfort
• Hence to evaluate the effectiveness of the conditioned
space, several comfort indices have been suggested

These indices can be divided into direct and derived

indices
 Indices for Thermal Comfort
 The direct indices are:
• Dry bulb temperature
• Humidity ratio
• Air velocity, and
• Mean radiant temperature ( T mrt )

 The derived indices combine two or more direct indices

into single factor.
 Important derived indices are :
• Effective temperature (ET)
• Operative temperature ( T op )
• Heat Stress Index (HSI)
• Predicted Mean Vote (PMV)
• Percent of People Dissatisfied (PPD)
 PSYCHROMETRY
The science dealing with mixture of air (oxygen and
nitrogen) and water vapour. is PSYCHROMETRY (from the
Greek ψυχροσ = psukhros = cold) and the graphic
representation of various attributes of this mixture is the
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART.
 PSYCHROMETRIC PROPERTIES

• DRY- BULB TEMPERATURE: • RELATIVE HUMIDITY: Relative

Dry bulb temperature is the humidity is the percentage of
most common measure of humidity in the air relative to
temperature as measured by a the saturation line, which is the
thermometer with a dry bulb. maximum that it can hold.

• WET – BULB TEMPERATURE: • ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY: Absolute

Dry bulb temperature is the humidity is the amount of
temperature as measured by a moisture in the air as
thermometer whose bulb is measured in pounds of water
surrounded by a damp wick per pound of dry air.
 PSYCHROMETRIC PROPERTIES

• DEW POINT TEMPERATURE: Dew point temperature is the

temperature at which moist air becomes saturated (100%
relative humidity) with water vapour when cooled at constant
pressure, i.e. temperature at which condensation of moisture
begins when the moist air is cooled.

Dew point temperature

of the surrounding air
55°F
Glass of ice water
(45°F)

Droplets of moisture
begin to form on the
surface of the glass
 PSYCHROMETRIC PROPERTIES

– SPECIFIC ENTHALPY: Enthalpy is a new state variable that is a combination of

other state variables.
– The enthalpy of moist air is defined as the sum of its internal energy and the
product of its pressure and volume. Specific enthalpy h (kJ/kg) of moist air is
defined as the total enthalpy of the dry air and water vapour mixture per kg of
moist air.

– SENSIBLE HEAT: SENSIBLE HEAT is the heat absorbed or given off by a

substance that is NOT in the process of changing its physical state. Sensible
heat can be sensed, or measured, with a thermometer, and the addition or
removal of sensible heat will always cause a change in the temperature of the
substance.
– In other words, sensible heat is the heat that affects the temperature of
things.
–
 PSYCHROMETRIC PROPERTIES

– LATENT HEAT : LATENT HEAT is the heat absorbed or given off by a

substance while it is changing its physical state. The heat absorbed or
given off does NOT cause a temperature change in the substance- the
heat is latent or hidden.
In other words, latent heat is the heat that affects the physical state of
things.

– SPECIFIC VOLUME OF AIR : Specific volume v (m3/kg) is defined as the total

volume V (m3) of the dry air and water vapour mixture per kg of dry air.
v= V
m
where m = mass of dry air, kg
 PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

 DRY BULB LINES

 WET BULB LINES
 RELATIVE HUMIDITY
LINES
 HUMIDITY RATIO
 DEW POINT LINES
 SPECIFIC ENTHALPY
LINES
 SPECIFIC VOLUME LINES
 PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

 DRY BULB LINES

 WET BULB LINES
 RELATIVE HUMIDITY
LINES
 HUMIDITY RATIO
 DEW POINT LINES
 SPECIFIC ENTHALPY
LINES
 SPECIFIC VOLUME LINES
 PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

 DRY BULB LINES

 WET BULB LINES
 RELATIVE HUMIDITY
LINES
 HUMIDITY RATIO
 DEW POINT LINES
 SPECIFIC ENTHALPY
LINES
 SPECIFIC VOLUME LINES
 PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

 DRY BULB LINES

 WET BULB LINES
 RELATIVE HUMIDITY
LINES
 HUMIDITY RATIO
 DEW POINT LINES
 SPECIFIC ENTHALPY
LINES
 SPECIFIC VOLUME LINES
 PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

 DRY BULB LINES

 WET BULB LINES
 RELATIVE HUMIDITY
LINES
 HUMIDITY RATIO
 DEW POINT LINES
 SPECIFIC ENTHALPY
LINES
 SPECIFIC VOLUME LINES
 CLIMATE ZONES

Climatic data during

Summer

Hot and Dry 40 - 45°c

Relative humidity-25-40%

Warm & humid 30 - 35°c

Relative humidty 70-90%

Comfort Zone 22 - 27°c

Relative Humidity 40 – 60%
 CLIMATE ZONES

Climatic data during Summer

Composite– 32 - 43°c
Relative humidity-20-25%

Moderate - 30 - 34°c
Relative humidty 20-55%

Comfort Zone 22 - 27°c

Relative Humidity 40 – 60%
BIOCLIMATIC CHART
 BIOCLIMATIC CHART

• Under over heated conditions when metabolic rates are low

(light work), which already produce discomfort, it was found
out that the DBT values correspond better with subjective
judgments than ET values. (Result of some Australian
experiments).

• On this basis and similar other doubts, V. Olgyay concluded

that it is pointless to build a single figure index as each of
thefour components can be controlled by different means.

• Thus a bioclimatic chart was created in terms of DBT and RH,

and by additional lines it was shown how comfort zone was
pushed up by the presence air movement and lowered by
radiation.
 EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE

• It is defined as the temperature of a

still, saturated atmosphere, which
would, in the absence of radiation,
produce the same effect as the
atmosphere in question. It thus
combines the effect of dry air
temperature and humidity.

• Developed by Houghten and Yagloglou

at the ASHVE Pittsburgh research
laboratories in 1923:
• represented by a set of equal comfort
lines drawn on the psychrometric
chart.
• It became the most widely used index
for the next 50 years, but it is now Yagloglou's original representation of the effective
superseded. temperature
 LIMITATION OF ET
Yaglou in 1947 already noted that
the
• ET overestimates the effect of
humidity, especially at lower
temperatures.

Smith (1955) found that the

relationship is not linear and that
the
• P4SR index gives a better
correlation with comfort votes.

Glickman et al. (1950) also found

that
• ET overestimates the effect of
humidity under both cool and
comfortable conditions.
 CORRECTED EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE
• The ET scale basically combined
air temperature and humidity
(later air movement was added)
but it lacked the effects of
radiation.
• Thus, CET scale (Corrected
Effective Temperature) was
created by adding radiation
effects.
• It is the most widely used and
the most understood scale at
present and the results are
accurate under most conditions.
MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE
• If all surfaces in an environment were
uniformly at this temperature, it would
produce the same net radiant heat
balance as the given environment with its
various surface
temperatures.
• Device used is a globe thermometer.
GLOBE THERMOMETER
• An ordinary thermometer enclosed in a
matt black painted copper globe of
150mm diameter.
• It has an inertia of 15 min, but after this
time, its reading gives a combination of air
temperature and the effect of any
received or emitted radiation.
CORRECTED EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE