LTE Cell Planning

LTE Cell Planning
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Describe the procedure of LTE network planning
 Describe the main aspects of LTE radio cell planning
 Describe the rules of each planning
Copyright © 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Contents
1. LTE Planning Overview
2. Frequency Planning
3. TA Planning
4. Neighbor Cell Planning
5. PCI Planning
6. Cyclic Prefix Size Decision
7. Random Access Preamble Format Decision
8. Root Sequence Index Planning
Procedure of LTE Radio Planning
Information Collection
System dimensioning
Nominal planning
Pre-Planning
Model tuning
Coverage & Capacity planning
Detailed Planning Site selection
Cell configuration and

Cell Planning parameters planning
Frequency TA PCI PRACH

Planning Planning Planning Planning
Contents
3. TA Planning
5. PCI Planning
Frequency Band Issue
Variable Band Deployment
GSM 200k
cdma2000 1.25MHz
WCDMA 5MHz
LTE 1.4MHz to 20MHz
 LTE has the flexible bandwidth issue so that the operator can choose
different networking solution with the certain frequency band.
Frequency Reuse Mode
N×S×K
N: eNodeB, S : cells per eNodeB, K: different frequencies.

 When selecting the frequency reuse mode, consider comprehensively the influence of
frequency resources and interference.
Intra-Frequency Networking
 Advantages:
 All frequency band can be used in each
1 1
cell, achieve high frequency efficiency.
2 2
F1 Easy schedule mechanism

3 3
1  Easy implementation of handover
2
 Disadvantage:
3
 Large interference on the edge cell
 Difficult for consecutive coverage
Intra-Frequency Networking with ICIC
 Type of ICIC
 Dynamic ICIC: the edge frequency
allocation is dynamic adjustment
 Static ICIC: the edge frequency
allocation is fixed setting
 Advantage: Balance the system

performance and frequency efficiency
 Disadvantage: Very complicated
scheduling mechanism
Contents
3. TA Planning
5. PCI Planning
Tracking Area Code Basic Concept
 And TAI (Identifier) is composed of Mobile Country Code (MCC),
Mobile Network Code (MNC) and Tracking Area Code (TAC).
 TAC = 16 bit number, two TAC values: 0 and 65534 are reserved and
cannot be configured
 An operator can be configured with a maximum of 1TACs. An eNodeB
can be configured with a maximum of 6 tracking areas, which are
identified by TACs.
Dividing TA by geographical position
Tracking Area List Basic Concept
 Since maximum number of eNBs in one Tracking Area Code is limited
by MME’s paging capacity, the concept of Tracking Area List (TAL) is
introduced.
 TAL is set of separate TAC (TAL can have maximum of 16 TAC
configured)
 To reduce the location updating signaling caused by UE location
changing, a UE is registered in multiple TAs which make up a Tracking
Area List (TAL). At the same time, this TAL is distributed to the UE.
Therefore, the movement of the UE between TAL does not require TA
updating.
Tracking Area List
MME
TAC2 TAC3
TAC1
TA list 1 TA list 2
TA Planning Solution
Solution 1 Solution 2
Same TAL
 Each density area is planned with the same  Each density area is planned with several
TA
TA, and the cell in connection area can be
 In the connection area, if the UE is associated with the same TA list
associated with only 1 TA, there might be
large number of TAU in rush hour
 In this case, it can reduce the TAU load in
 If the UE is associated with 2 TA in TA the connection area
list, TAU can be reduced, but paging load
should be much heavy
TAC (TAL) Planning Solution
Solution 1
 Heavy paging load  Light paging load

 Difficult for TA associated  Heavy TAU load, but it can
be optimized by TA
association
Rules of TA Planning (Cont.)
 When the suburban area and urban area are covered discontinuously, an independent
TA is used for the suburban area.
 TA should be planned for a continuous geographical area to avoid TA discrete
distribution.
 The paging area cannot be located in different MMEs.
 The mountain or river in the planned area can be used as TA boundary to reduce the
overlapping depth of two TAs. In this way, fewer location updates are performed on
the edge of TA.
 The LAC planning in the existing 2G/3G networks can serve as a reference for
planning TAC.
Contents
3. TA Planning
5. PCI Planning
Neighbor Cell Planning
 The configuration is different from GSM, WCDMA or CDMA. There is
no BSC/RNC in the LTE system.
 When an eNB cell is configured as neighbor cells of other eNBs, external
cells must be added first, which is similar to the scenario where inter-
BSC/RNC neighbor cells are configured on the BSC. That is, neighbor
cells can be configured only after the corresponding cell information is
added.
ANR and Neighbor Cell Planning
 Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) can automatically add and maintain
neighbor relations. However, ANR function is based on UEs
measurements , so it is closely related to the traffic load in the entire
network and additional time delay is introduced to the handover process.
 ANR is not recommended in initial phase of network construction.
 After initial neighbor relations configured and the number of UEs
increasing, ANR can be used to detect missing neighbor cells and add
neighbor relations, to improve handover and other performance.
Contents
3. TA Planning
5. PCI Planning
Scrambling Overview
Less
F1 Interference F1
PCI
specific
eNB scrambling eNB
PRB PRB
 PCI (Physical Cell ID) value is transmitted on PSS and SSS (Primary and
Secondary Synchronization Signals) according to following following
formula: PCI = 3*SSS + PSS;
 SSS values ranges from 0 to 167,
 PSS value ranges from 0 to 2,
 therefore PCI can have values from 0 to 503
PSS and SSS Location for FDD
Extended CP 0 1 2 3 4 5
PSS (Primary
Bandwidth Synchronization
Sequence)
Normal CP 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 72
62 Subcarriers
Subcarriers
Bandwidth
SSS (Secondary
Synchronization
Sequence)
Slots 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Radio Frame
Repeated in
slots 0 and 10
PSS and SSS Location for TDD
Extended CP 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
Bandwidth
Normal CP 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Bandwidth
Slots 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Radio Frame
Scrambling Overview (Cont.)
 In LTE scrambling is performed on bit level, whereas in UMTS it is on
chip level, which makes UMTS signal more robust against interference.
Therefore in LTE we cannot expect such demodulation thresholds (-
18dB) as in UMTS.
PCI Planning Principle
 PCI parameter planning is similar to any other planning of radio
parameter, i.e., the reuse distance shall be as large as possible.
 However there are several constrains arising from the fact that PCI
determines Reference Signal position in frequency domain.
 Reference signal position in frequency domain is based on
PCI mod 6 calculation.
Normal CP Extended CP
R R R R
R R R R
R R R R
R R R R
Antenna Port 0 Antenna Port 0
Reference Signals in LTE
 Purpose:
 RSRP, RSRQ calculation (handover decisions, cell (re)selections)
 Radio channel estimation (CQI)
 Channel equalization
PCI Planning Principle - Reference
Signals Constrains, Single Antenna
 Since Reference Signal power is usually boosted by 3dB (max
6dB) to improve channel estimation. It is advised to distribute
PCIs in adjacent cells such that Reference Signals does not
occupy same subcarrier position.
 Therefore cell can have up to 5 different neighbors without
interfering in frequency domain, i.e., Modulo6 problem.
Physical Cell ID = 0 Physical Cell ID = 8
RS position is R R
R R based on Physical
R R
Cell ID (Physical
R R
Cell ID mod 6) R R
eNB R R
eNB
R R
R R
Signals Constrains, 2x2 MIMO
 However LTE is usually implemented in 2x2, where the other antenna
reference signals are positioned in between first antenna, therefore
Modulo6, becomes Modulo3 problem.
 This limits makes planning difficult because there are only two options
how to plan adjacent cells.
 Even thought inter-eNB LTE cells x R x R R x R x
are not time synchronized, there is R x R x x R x R
33% chance of reference signal to x R x R R x R x
reference signal time alignment. R x R x x R x R

Antenna Port 0 Antenna Port 1
Example of Cross Antenna Interference
 Reference signals of first antenna of eNB1 interfere with reference
signals of second antenna of eNB2.
PCI = 6 PCI = 9
(PCI mod 6 = 0) (PCI mod 6 = 3)
(PCI mod 3 = 0) (PCI mod 3 = 0)
R R R R R R R R
R R R R R R R R
R R R R R R R R
eNB1 eNB2
R R R R R R R R
R RS symbol for antenna port 0

Signals Constrains, 4x4 MIMO
 Reference signals of third and fourth antenna are located on second and
fifth ODFM symbol in resource block, so the planning principle remains
same as with 2x2 MIMO, i.e., Modulo3 principle.

x x R x x R Rx x Rx x x x x x R x x R x x x x
Rx x Rx x x x R x x R x R x x x x x x x x R x
x x R x x R Rx x Rx x x x x x R x x R x x x x
Rx x Rx x x x R x x R x R x x x x x x x x R x
Antenna Port 0 Antenna Port 1 Antenna Port 2 Antenna Port 3
PCI Planning Principle – Modulo3
 Modulo3 planning principle reduces all PCIs into 3 groups. Groups for
which PCI mod 3 equals to 0, 1 or 2, respectively. Such a limitation
comply with typical planning configuration into 3 sector sites.
1
2
1
0 2 2
 In 4 sector configuration, cells with same

mod3 must point opposite directions
PCI Planning – PCFICH Collisions
CFI
 For PCIs with same PCI mod k
(2*N_RB^DL) result, the location of Channel Coding

(Block1/16)
PCFICH in frequency domain is the same, Scrambling
Modulation
which may cause improper decoding of CFI Layer Mapping
Precoding
information in intra eNB inter sector Mapping to REs
NRBDL
scenario.
 Example (BW=5MHz): k = (NRB
Cell DL
sc /2)∙(NID mod 2NRB)
 PCI = 0: k = (12/2)*(0 mod 2*25)=0; k=k

DL
k = k + NRB)/2 ∙ NRB
sc /2
 PCI = 50: k = (12/2)*(50 mod 2*25) = 0
DL RB
k = k + 2NRB)/2 ∙ Nsc /2
RB
k = k + 3NDL
RB)/2 ∙ Nsc /2
Inter Border PCI Planning (Only Band 7)
Inter Border PCI Planning (Cont.)
 For each type of country, the following tables and figure describe the sharing of
the PCI’s with its neighboring countries (black = preferential PCI):
Contents
3. TA Planning
5. PCI Planning
Cyclic Prefix Size Decision
 LTE uses two Cyclic prefix lengths to mitigate for excessive multipath
propagation:
160  Ts  6 144  Ts
 Normal Cyclic Prefix Normal _ CPoverhead   7.14%
7  2048  Ts
512  Ts
 Extended Cyclic Prefix Extended _ CPoverhead   25%
2048  Ts
7 OFDM
Symbols (Normal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Cyclic Prefix)
Ts
6 OFDM Symbols
(Extended Cyclic 0 1 2 3 4 5
Prefix)
CP (Cyclic
Prefix)
Cyclic Prefix Size Decision(Cont.)
 Cells with larger range are expected to have longer delay spread, therefore
it is very likely that Extended Cyclic prefix should be configured.
Anywhere else Normal Cyclic Prefix shall be configured.
 Extended Cyclic Prefix should be used only in the areas with Delay Spread
larger than 4.688 s due to the decrease in throughput performance.
 6 OFDM sym / 7 ODFM sym = 0.86 (14% throughput loss)
Configuration CP Length (Ts) Trajectory difference
Normal Cyclic Prefix ~ 4.688 µs ~ 1.562km

Extended Cyclic Prefix ~16.67µs ~ 5km
Contents
3. TA Planning
5. PCI Planning
Random Access Preamble Format Decision
Subframe 1ms Subframe 1ms
Format 3
Format 2
Format 1
6
Format 0 TGT
PRB
CP Zadoff Chu Sequence
Random Access Preamble Format
Decision (Cont.)
 Different Random Access Preamble Formats can be used with different
Round Trip Delays (TGT). TGT limits maximum cell radius according to
the equation:
CP Sequence
TGT  c TGT  3.10 5
r  [km] TCP TSEQ Guard Period
2 2
Preamble
Preamble Allocated TSEQ TCP TCP (µs) TGT Max. Delay Cell Radius (km)
Format Subframes (µs) (Ts) (µs) Spread (µs)
0 1 800 3168 103.125 96.875 5.208 R < 14.531
1 2 800 21024 684.375 515.625 16.666 29.5 < R < 77.344
2 2 1600 6240 203.125 196.875 5.208 14.5 < R < 29.531
3 3 1600 21024 684.375 715.625 16.666 77.3 < R < 102.65
4 (TDD) Special 133.3 448 14.6 9.417 16.666 R < 1.41
Frame
Preamble Format Parameter
Preamble Format and PRACH
Configuration Index
 With different Preamble Format, PRACH Configuration Index must be
reconfigured accordingly.
 Table below shows range of indexes for different Preamble Formats,
while the table in the notes specifies time distribution of PRACH.
Preamble Format PRACH Configuration Index
0 0~15
1 16~31
2 32~47
3 48~63
Preamble Format and PRACH
Configuration Index (Cont.)
 To reconfigure PRACH Configuration Index, “Indicator” must
be enabled.
Contents
3. TA Planning
5. PCI Planning
Root Sequence Index Planning
 Root Sequence Index planning is in principle similar to any other
planning of radio parameter, i.e., reuse distance between similar
configurations shall be as large as possible.
 However, with Root Sequence Index we assign several consequent
values per cell - not only one*. The range is proportional to the
maximum cell access radius.
(HighSpeed Cell)
 In a Cell MO, if AirCellFlag is set to BOOLEAN_TRUE,
RootSequenceIdx must be set to a value smaller than or equal to 69.
 HighSpeedFlag High speed flag Meaning: Indicates the speed flag of the
cell. Set this parameter to ULTRA_HIGH_SPEED if the cell is used to
provide coverage for an ultra-high-speed railway. Set this parameter to
HIGH_SPEED if the cell is used to provide coverage for a high way. Set
this parameter to LOW_SPEED in other scenarios.
(HighSpeed Cell Radius Restrictions)
Cell Radius [m] RootSequenceIndex Range
 If PreambleFmt is smaller than 4 and 1~1000 24~815
HighSpeedFlag is set to 1000~1500 30~811

1500~2000 35~804
HIGH_SPEED or 2000~2600 42~797
ULTRA_HIGH_SPEED, the 2600~3500 52~786

3500~4300 64~779
following requirements must be met
4300~5500 76~765
during the setting of CellRadius and 5500~6800 90~747
6800~8600 116~731
RootSequenceIdx:
8600~10600 136~706
 Max cell radius in High (Ultra) high 10600~13200 168~676

13200~17200 204~602
speed scenario is 32800m. 17200~21500 264~566
21500~27800 328~498
27800~32800 384~450
PRACH Parameters Cell has 64
Preamble
PRACH-Configuration
Sequences
Root Sequence Index (0 to 837)
PRACH Configuration Index (0 to 63)
High Speed Flag
Zero Correlation Zone Configuration (0 to 15)
PRACH Frequency Offset (0 to 104) eNB
 Root sequence index – is used to indicate the start of Zadoff-Chu sequence (0~837)
 PRACH Configuration Index – indicates the time density of PRACH (number of
occurrences in one radio frame)
 Zero correlation zone configuration (Ncs) – defines the orthogonality of two
simultaneously transmitted preambles, and therefore maximum cell radius
 PRACH Frequency offset – indicates the location of preamble in frequency domain
ZeroCorrelat Ncs value
Ncs Selection ionZone

Config
Unrestrict
ed set
Restricted
set (High
(Low Speed)
Speed)
 Ncs is a parameter used for ZC sequence 0 0 15
1 13 18
cyclic shift, which is related with cell 2 15 22
radius and maximum delay spread. It 3 18 26

4 22 32
practically allows to create several 5 26 38
6 32 46
random access preambles from one Root
7 38 55
Sequence. 8 46 68
9 59 82
 There are 16 Ncs configurations are that 10 76 100
11 93 128
defined in the protocol
12 119 158
13 167 202
14 276 237
15 419 -
Calculating Max Cell Radius for Given Ncs
 Max cell radius for given Ncs is calculated from the formula:
TSEQ  TSEQ  c
N CS   TGT   DS  r    N CS  ng    DS  
N ZC  N ZC  2
N CS  cyclic _ shift _ size
 DS  (max_ delay _ spread )[5.2;16.6 s]
TSEQ  800s ( preamble _ symbol _ duration)
ng  2(additional _ guard _ samples)
N ZC  839( preamble _ length)
Ncs Selection Example
 Assume: Preamble Format 0, Maximum Cell Radius of 4.5km and High Speed
Flag = FALSE.
 For cell radius = 4.5km, the closest higher Ncs is 46;
 therefore from one Root Sequence we can create floor(839/46) = 18 Random
Access Preambles;
 so in order the have 64 different preambles per cell, we need to reserve ceil(64/18)
= 4 Root Sequences.
 Final equation: # of Root Sequences per cell = ceil(64/floor(839/Ncs)).
 Consequently we have floor(838/4) = 209 unique configurations in network.
PRACH Planning Process
Determine the Ncs value
Calculate the available preamble number

for each root index
Calculate the necessary root sequence

number for each cell
Determine all the root sequence and

assign it to the cell
Appendix
1. RSI and PCI Mod 30 Collision
2. Additions to LTE TDD Planning
3. Preamble Format 4 (TDD only) Description
RSI and PCI Mod 30 Interference
 A rare situation may occur when UL DeModulation Reference Signal (DMRS) or
Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) interfere to PRACH of a neighbor with some
certain Root Sequence Index (RSI) configuration.
 Basically, DMSR/SRS from Cell A acts like Random Access Preamble Sequence to
Cell B, under some specific configuration of Cell A’s PCI and Cell B’s RSI – False
Preamble Detection
The correlation simulation Microsoft Office

result between PCI=0 and Excel Worksheet
Logic Root Sequence Index.
Those RSIs with high

correlation are not
appropriated to assign for the
neighbor cells of the cell with
PCI = 0.
False Preamble Detection & CPU Load
 High false preamble detection probability will cause LBBP CPU overload,
while high CPU usage may affect user access, in extreme cases it may
result in no user can access in the network and LBBP board reset.
Additions to LTE TDD Planning
 One additional radio parameter for LTE TDD must be configured
according to maximum cell radius, and that is the size of Guard Period.
Special GP (Guard Period)

Subframe DwPTS (Downlink
UpPTS (Uplink
Pilot Time Slot)
Pilot Time Slot)
0 2 3 4 5 7 8 9
Type 2 Radio Frame Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10ms
Additions to LTE TDD Planning (Cont.)
 3GPP defines 9 different configuration of Special Subframe, i.e., Guard
Period size:
Normal CP Extended CP
Special Subframe
Configuration DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS
0 3 10 1 3 8 1
1 9 4 1 8 3 1
2 10 3 1 9 2 1
3 11 2 1 10 1 1
4 12 1 1 3 7 1
5 3 9 2 8 2 2
6 9 3 2 9 1 2
7 10 2 2 N/A N/A N/A
8 11 1 2 N/A N/A N/A
 Special Subframe parameter:
 Number of OFDM symbols reserved for Guard period defines the maximum
cell radius according to the table below:
Number of OFDM symbols in the GP Maximum cell radius (km)

1 7.71
2 18.43
3 29.14
4 39.86
7 72
8 82.71
9 93.43
10 104.14
Example of Great Distance TDD Communication
 Special Subframe configures to 0 (maximum cell size 104km).
 Guard Time shall be larger than Round Trip Delay
GP (Guard Period)
DwPTS UpPTS
DL UL
eNB
3 OFDM Symbols 1 OFDM Symbol
10 OFDM Symbols
DL UL
UE
Preamble Format 4 (TDD only) Description
 Located in Uplink Pilot Timeslot, starts 157us before the end of UpPTS.
 Tcp = 14.6us; TSEQ = 133us; TGP = 9.4us
 Preamble carries 139 Zadoff-Chu Sequence values
 Subcarries spacing is 7.5kHz, therefore OFDM
Ncs Ncs Required
symbol duration is 133us (BW = 1.0425MHz) Configurati Value number of ZC
on root sequences
per cell
 Maximum cell radius (9.4us*3e5)/2 = 1.41km
0 2 1
 Maximum RootSequenceIndex value is 137 1 4 2
2 6 3
CP Sequence 3 8 4
4 10 5
TCP TSEQ 5 12 6
Guard Period 6 15 8
Preamble
Thank you
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LTE Cell Planning

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4. Neighbor Cell Planning

6. Cyclic Prefix Size Decision

7. Random Access Preamble Format Decision

8. Root Sequence Index Planning

Cell configuration and

Frequency TA PCI PRACH

4. Neighbor Cell Planning

6. Cyclic Prefix Size Decision

7. Random Access Preamble Format Decision

8. Root Sequence Index Planning

LTE 1.4MHz to 20MHz

N: eNodeB, S : cells per eNodeB, K: different frequencies.

 Advantage: Balance the system

4. Neighbor Cell Planning

6. Cyclic Prefix Size Decision

7. Random Access Preamble Format Decision

8. Root Sequence Index Planning

Dividing TA by geographical position

 Heavy paging load  Light paging load

4. Neighbor Cell Planning

6. Cyclic Prefix Size Decision

7. Random Access Preamble Format Decision

8. Root Sequence Index Planning

4. Neighbor Cell Planning

6. Cyclic Prefix Size Decision

7. Random Access Preamble Format Decision

8. Root Sequence Index Planning

 Even thought inter-eNB LTE cells x R x R R x R x

are not time synchronized, there is R x R x x R x R

33% chance of reference signal to x R x R R x R x

reference signal time alignment. R x R x x R x R

R RS symbol for antenna port 0

R RS symbol for antenna port 0

 In 4 sector configuration, cells with same

(2*N_RB^DL) result, the location of Channel Coding

 PCI = 0: k = (12/2)*(0 mod 2*25)=0; k=k

4. Neighbor Cell Planning

6. Cyclic Prefix Size Decision

7. Random Access Preamble Format Decision

8. Root Sequence Index Planning

Configuration CP Length (Ts) Trajectory difference

Normal Cyclic Prefix ~ 4.688 µs ~ 1.562km

4. Neighbor Cell Planning

6. Cyclic Prefix Size Decision

7. Random Access Preamble Format Decision

8. Root Sequence Index Planning

CP Zadoff Chu Sequence

Preamble Format PRACH Configuration Index

4. Neighbor Cell Planning

6. Cyclic Prefix Size Decision

7. Random Access Preamble Format Decision

8. Root Sequence Index Planning

HighSpeedFlag is set to 1000~1500 30~811

ULTRA_HIGH_SPEED, the 2600~3500 52~786

 Max cell radius in High (Ultra) high 10600~13200 168~676

Ncs Selection ionZone

radius and maximum delay spread. It 3 18 26

Calculate the available preamble number

Calculate the necessary root sequence

Determine all the root sequence and

2. Additions to LTE TDD Planning

3. Preamble Format 4 (TDD only) Description

 PCI = 0: k = (12/2)(0 mod 225)=0; k=k