Computer data storage, often called storage or

memory, refers to computer components and

recording media that retain digital data used for
computing for some interval of time. Computer data
storage provides one of the core functions of the
modern computer, that of information retention. It is
one of the fundamental components of all modern
computers, and coupled with a central processing
unit (CPU, a processor), implements the basic
computer model used since the 1940s.

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Memory consists of a number of
storage locations, each of
which is identified by a unique
address.
Each location stores a word i.e.
the number of bits that can be
processed by the CPU in a
single operation. Word length
may be typically 16, 24, 32 or as
many as 64 bits.
A large word length improves
system performance, though
may be less efficient on
occasions when the full word
length is not used

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V ¢he amount of information that can be
stored on a medium.
O
 


 
 


1 bit 1 binary digit
1 nibble 4 bits
1 byte 8 bits 1 character
1 kilobyte 1,024 bytes ½ page, double
spaced
1 megabyte 1,024 kilobytes 500,000 pages
1 gigabyte 1,024 megabytes 5 million pages
1 terabyte 1,024 gigabytes 5 billion pages

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ocation refers to whether the memory is internal or
external to the computer. Internal memory is often
equated with the main memory. External Memory
consists of peripheral storage devices such as disk or
tape, that are accessible to processor via I/o
controllers
olatile /Non Volatile- Volatile Memory is the memory
that requires power to maintain the stored
information. As soon as the power is switched off, it
loses all the information stored in it. Examples are
RAM. Non Volatile memory retains the stored
information when the power is not supplied. Example
are ROM, flash memory ,optical disks.
agnetic core memory is an early form of random
access computer memory. It uses small magnetic
rings, the cores, through which wires are threaded to
store information via the polarity of the magnetic field
they contain. Such memory is often just called core
memory
Semiconductor memory-In this memory
semiconductor chips are used to make main
memory.
V Sequential
ÿ Start at the beginning and read through in order
ÿ Access time depends on location of data and
previous location
ÿ e.g. tape
V ëirect
ÿ Individual blocks have unique address
ÿ Access is by jumping to vicinity plus sequential
search
ÿ Access time depends on location and previous
location
ÿ e.g. disk
V Random
ÿ Individual addresses identify locations exactly
ÿ Access time is independent of location or
previous access
ÿ e.g. RAM
V Associative
ÿ ëata is located by a comparison with contents
of a portion of the store
ÿ Access time is independent of location or
previous access
ÿ e.g. cache

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ccess time-Access time is the time taken to perform
a read or write operation.
Memory cycle time-this concept is primarily added to
the random access memory and consists of the
access time plus any additional time required before
a second access can commence.
¢ransfer Rate-¢ransfer rate is the rate at which the
data can be transferred into or out of a memory unit.
In general
‡ Slow memory is cheap and has more storage
capacity
‡ Fast memory is expensive and has less storage
capacity
Users want
Faster memory, which will ensure faster data fetching,
less wait for the processor, in turn shortens response
time. Never the less we want to have more storage at
an affordable price
 14

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 15

¢he cache is a smaller, faster memory which stores

copies of the data from the most frequently used main
memory locations. Sits between normal main memory
and CPU. May be located on CPU chip or module

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 17

Random access memory or RAM most commonly refers to

computer chips that temporarily store dynamic data to
enhance computer performance. By storing frequently used
or active files in random access memory, the computer can
access the data faster than if it to retrieve it from the far-
larger hard drive. Random access memory is also used in
printers and other devices.
¢he original name of RAM comes from the fact that any
portion on the memory can be accessed in a constant
time. (Randomly)
¢oday it used to refer to main memory.

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SRAM

ëRAM

Fast Page
SëRAM EëO RAM
Mode ëRAM

ëëR SëRAM RëRAM

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V Bits stored as charge in capacitors
V Charges leak
V Need refreshing even when continuously
powered
V Simpler construction & Smaller per bit
V Less expensive
V Slower

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V Bits stored as on/off switches
V No charges to leak
V No refreshing needed when powered
V More complex construction
V Larger per bit
V More expensive
V Faster

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 21

6 It is non volatile in nature.

6 It is created like an integrated chip, with the data
actually wired in chip as a part of fabrication process.
6 Used to store system programs, library routines for
frequently used functions.
6 Contains a permanent pattern of data that can not
be changed. ¢his is in the strict sense Masked ROM.
(MROM)

ROM

Flash
MROM PROM EPROM EEPROM
Memory

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V It is a type of ROM that can be programmed.

V It comes without instructions and the user program

it according to his requirements.

V Once PROM programmed, it is not possible to

make any changes or reprogram it.

V ¢here are other types of ROM memories such as

EPROM (can be erased and programmed again)

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V Each bit consists of a floating FE¢.

V Have clear window in centre of top of the chip

V Chips erased by focusing high-intensity UV light

through window, so care has to be used

V UV radiation can erase entire contents of a chip

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V Contains an array of FE¢ s.
V Use higher than normal voltage to erase contents
V ëon t need to be removed from socket to
reprogram
V Can be manipulated at byte level, so individual
bytes can be erased without erasing entire chip
V Common for storing setup parameters for printers
and other peripherals
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V Essentially same as EEPROM except voltage required are at
levels normally found inside PC
V Flash ROM ² bulk-erase typically, but newer ones have multiple
independently erasable blocks (size 4K to 128K)
V ¢wo styles
ÿ Sectored-erase flash
ÿ Boot block

V Usually one or more blocks are specially protected from normal

erase operations (firmware).
V Support random reading and writing
V Current generations have on-board logic to handle operations

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 26

Secondary storage (also known as external memory or

auxiliary storage), differs from primary storage in that it is
not directly accessible by the CPU. ¢he computer
usually uses its input/output channels to access
secondary storage and transfers the desired data using
intermediate area in primary storage. Secondary
storage does not lose the data when the device is
powered down³it is non-volatile.

¢ypes:
º Magnetic Storage ëevices
º Optical Storage ëevices

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