Vibration Analysis: Chapter Five

Chapter Five
Vibration Analysis
Vibration Analysis
Chapter Overview Training Manual
• In this chapter, performing free vibration analyses in
ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

Simulation will be covered. In Simulation, performing a free
vibration analysis is similar to a linear static analysis.
– It is assumed that the user has already covered Chapter 4
Linear Static Structural Analysis prior to this section.
• The following will be covered:

– Free Vibration Analysis Procedure
– Free Vibration with Pre-Stress Analysis Procedure
• The capabilities described in this section are generally

applicable to ANSYS DesignSpace Entra licenses and
above.
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Vibration Analysis
Basics of Free Vibration Analysis Training Manual
• For a free vibration analysis, the natural circular

frequencies i and mode shapes i are calculated from:
 K     M     0
i
2
i
Assumptions:
– [K] and [M] are constant:
• Linear elastic material behavior is assumed
• Small deflection theory is used, and no nonlinearities included
• [C] is not present, so damping is not included
• {F} is not present, so no excitation of the structure is assumed
• The structure can be constrained or unconstrained
– Mode shapes {} are relative values, not absolute
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Vibration Analysis
A. Free Vibration Analysis Procedure Training Manual
• The free vibration analysis procedure is very similar to

performing a linear static analysis, so not all steps will be
covered in detail. The steps in yellow italics are specific to
free vibration analyses.
– Attach Geometry
– Assign Material Properties
– Define Contact Regions (if applicable)
– Define Mesh Controls (optional)
– Include Supports (if applicable)
– Request Frequency Finder Results
– Set Frequency Finder Options
– Solve the Model
– Review Results
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Vibration Analysis
… Geometry and Point Mass Training Manual
• Similar to linear static analyses, any type of geometry

supported by Simulation may be used:
– Solid bodies, surface bodies and line bodies
• For line bodies, only mode shapes and displacement results are
available.
• The Point Mass feature can be used:

• The Point Mass adds mass only in a free vibration analysis. The
effect is to add only mass (not stiffness) to a structure.
• Because of this, the Point Mass will decrease the natural frequency
in free vibration analyses.
ANSYS License Availability

DesignSpace Entra x August 26, 2005
DesignSpace x
Professional x Inventory
Structural x #002265
Mechanica l/Multiphysics x 5-5
Vibration Analysis
… Material Properties Training Manual
• For material properties, Young’s Modulus, Poisson’s Ratio,

and Mass Density are required
– Since no loading is assumed, no other material properties will
be used, if defined

DesignSpace x
Vibration Analysis
… Contact Regions Training Manual
• Contact regions are available in free vibration analyses.

However, since this is a purely linear analysis, contact
behavior will differ for the nonlinear contact types:
Moda l Analysis
Contact Type Sta tic Ana lysis
Initially Touching Inside Pinball Region Outside Pinball Region
Bonded Bonded Bonded Bonded Free
No Separation No Separation No Separation No Separation Free
Rough Rough Bonded Free Free
Frictionless Frictionless No Separation Free Free
• Contact free vibration analyses:

– Rough and frictionless:
• will internally behave as bonded or no separation
• If a gap is present, the nonlinear contact behaviors will be free (i.e.,
as if no contact is present)
– Bonded and no separation contact status will depend on the
pinball region size

DesignSpace Entra August 26, 2005
DesignSpace x
Vibration Analysis
… Contact Regions Training Manual
• Contact options (ANSYS Professional +):

– Rough and frictionless:
• “Interface Treatment” can be changed to “Adjusted to Touch,”
which will make the contact surfaces behave as bonded and no
separation
• The size of the “Pinball Region” may be changed to ensure that
bonded and no separation contact is established even where a gap
exists
• For ANSYS Structural licenses and above, frictional contact

will behave similar to bonded contact if surfaces are
touching but act as free (no contact) if contact is open.
• It is not recommended to use frictional contact in a free
vibration analysis since it is nonlinear.

DesignSpace Entra August 26, 2005
DesignSpace
Professional / Inventory
Vibration Analysis
… Loads and Supports Training Manual
• Structural and thermal loads not used in free vibration

• Supports can be used in free vibration analyses:
– If no or partial supports are present, rigid-body modes can be
detected and evaluated. These modes will be at or near 0 Hz.
– The boundary conditions affect the mode shapes and
frequencies of the part. Carefully consider how the model is
constrained.
– The compression only support is a nonlinear support and
should not be used in the analysis.
• If present, the compression only support will generally
behave similar to a frictionless support.

DesignSpace x
Vibration Analysis
… Requesting Results Training Manual
• Simulation triggers a free vibration analysis

when the Frequency Finder tool is selected
under the Solutions Branch
– The Details View of the Frequency Finder allows
the user to specify the “Max Modes to Find.” The
default is 6 modes (max is 200). Increasing the
number of modes to retrieve will increase the
solution time.
– The search may be limited to a specific frequency
range of interest by selecting “Yes” on “Limit The minimum and
Search to Range. maximum range (in Hz)
can be specified if “Limit
• By default, frequencies beginning from 0 Hz Search to Range” is
enabled. Note that this
(rigid-body modes) will be calculated if a works in conjunction with
search range is not set. “Max Modes to Find.” If
not enough modes are
requested, not all modes
in the frequency range
may be found.
DesignSpace x
Vibration Analysis
… Requesting Results Training Manual
– For each requested mode an additional

result object will be automatically added
below the Frequency Finder
– If stress, strain, or directional
displacements are to be requested, this
can be done by adding the result from the
Context toolbar.
• For each stress, strain, or displacement
result added, the user can specify which
mode this corresponds to from the Details
view, under “Mode.”
If relative stress or strain results are needed,

be sure to add results under the Frequency
Finder branch, not the Solution branch.
ANSYS License Availability Recall that mode shapes are relative values
DesignSpace Entra x
since no excitation is present. Hence, August 26, 2005
DesignSpace x
Professional x stresses and strains are also relative. Inventory
Vibration Analysis
… Solution Options Training Manual
– For a free vibration analysis, typically none of the options in

the Details view of the Solution branch need to be changed
• In the majority of cases, “Solver Type” should be left on the default
option of “Program Controlled”
– The “Analysis Type” will display “Free Vibration”

DesignSpace x
Vibration Analysis
… Solving the Model Training Manual
• Solve a free vibration analysis just like any other analysis

by selecting the Solve button.
– A free vibration analysis is generally more computationally
expensive than a static analysis
– If a “Solution Information” branch
is requested detailed solution output
will be available
– If stress or strain results or more
frequencies/modes are requested
after a solution is performed, a new
solution is required.

DesignSpace x
Vibration Analysis
… Reviewing Results Training Manual
• Mode shapes:

– Because there is no excitation applied to the structure, the
mode shapes are relative values associated with free vibration
• Mode shapes (displacements), stresses, and strains represent
relative, not absolute quantities
– The frequency is listed in the
Details view of any result
being viewed
– The animation tab below the
graphics window can be
used to help visualize the mode
shapes

DesignSpace x
Vibration Analysis
… Reviewing Results Training Manual
• The Worksheet tab of the Frequency Finder branch

summarizes all frequencies in tabular form
– By reviewing the frequencies and mode shapes, one can get
a better understanding of the possible dynamic response of
the structure under different excitation directions

DesignSpace x
Vibration Analysis
B. Workshop 5.1 – Free Vibration Training Manual
• Workshop 5.1 – Free Vibration Analysis

• Goal:
– Investigate the vibration characteristics of two motor cover
designs manufactured from 18 gauge steel.
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Vibration Analysis
C. Free Vibration with Pre-Stress Training Manual
• In some cases, one may want to consider prestress effects

when performing a free vibration analysis.
– The stress state of a structure under constant (static) loads
may affect its natural frequencies
– Consider a guitar string being tuned – as the axial load is
increased (from tightening), the lateral frequencies increase
– This is an example of the stress stiffening effect

DesignSpace x
Vibration Analysis
… Free Vibration with Pre-Stress Training Manual
– In free vibration with pre-stress analyses, internally, two

iterations are automatically performed:
• A linear static analysis is initially performed:
 K  xo    F 
• Based on the stress state from the static analysis, a stress
stiffness matrix [S] is calculated:
 o    S 
• The free vibration with pre-stress analysis is then solved, including
the [S] term
  K  S    i  M  i   0
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Vibration Analysis
… Procedure w/ Pre-Stress Effects Training Manual
• A prestressed modal analysis is the same as running a

regular free vibration analysis with the following
exceptions:
– A load (structural and/or thermal) must be applied to
determine what the initial stress state of the structure is
– Results for the linear static structural analysis may also be
requested under the Solution branch (not the Frequency
Finder branch)
• A stress or strain result requested under the Frequency Finder
branch will be relative stress/strain values for a particular mode
• A stress or strain (or displacement) result requested under the
Solution branch will be absolute stress/strain/displacement values
for the statically applied load

DesignSpace x
Vibration Analysis
… Example w/ Pre-Stress Effects Training Manual
• Consider a simple comparison of a thin plate fixed at one

end
– Two analyses will be run – free vibration and free vibration
with pre-stress effects – to compare the differences between
the two.
Free Vibration Free Vibration with Pre-Stress

DesignSpace x
Vibration Analysis
• Notice that the only difference in running

a free vibration analysis with or without
pre-stress is the existence of a load:
– If a Frequency Finder tool is present and a
load is present, Simulation knows that a
“Free Vibration with Pre-Stress” analysis
will be performed.
– If results such as displacement, stress, or
strains are requested directly underneath
the Solution branch, the results from the
linear static analysis are reported

DesignSpace x
Vibration Analysis
• In this example, with the applied force, a tensile stress state

is produced, thus increasing the natural frequencies, as
illustrated below
Free Vibration Free Vibration with Pre-Stress

1st mode frequency: 141 Hz 1st mode frequency: 184 Hz

DesignSpace x
Vibration Analysis
D. Workshop 5.2 – Prestressed Modal Training Manual
• Workshop 5.2 – Prestressed Modal Analysis

• Goal: simulate the modal response of the tension link
(shown below) in both a stressed and unstressed state.
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Vibration Analysis: Chapter Five

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Chapter Five

• In this chapter, performing free vibration analyses in

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

• The following will be covered:

• The capabilities described in this section are generally

August 26, 2005

• For a free vibration analysis, the natural circular

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

August 26, 2005

• The free vibration analysis procedure is very similar to

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

August 26, 2005

• Similar to linear static analyses, any type of geometry

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

• The Point Mass feature can be used:

ANSYS License Availability

• For material properties, Young’s Modulus, Poisson’s Ratio,

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

• Contact regions are available in free vibration analyses.

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

• Contact free vibration analyses:

ANSYS License Availability

• Contact options (ANSYS Professional +):

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

• For ANSYS Structural licenses and above, frictional contact

ANSYS License Availability

• Structural and thermal loads not used in free vibration

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

• Simulation triggers a free vibration analysis

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

– For each requested mode an additional

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

If relative stress or strain results are needed,

– For a free vibration analysis, typically none of the options in

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

• Solve a free vibration analysis just like any other analysis

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

• The Worksheet tab of the Frequency Finder branch

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

• Workshop 5.1 – Free Vibration Analysis

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

August 26, 2005

• In some cases, one may want to consider prestress effects

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

– In free vibration with pre-stress analyses, internally, two

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

• A prestressed modal analysis is the same as running a

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

• Consider a simple comparison of a thin plate fixed at one

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

• Notice that the only difference in running

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability