 ..\..

\mind map msia stud\British Before

Japan.mm
Colonial Era
COLONIZATION
 Malaysia was once a colonized land.

 Was subjugated by other powers for total

period of 446 years since 1511 until 1957.
COLONIZATION
 Portuguese, Dutch, British, Japanese and
British had colonized the country before.

 But only British and Japanese colonized the

whole country and left impact on the people
COLONIZATION
 Important impacts on administration
system, economy, education and ethnics
relations
COLONIZATION

 Colonists and the Features of Domination

EUROPEAN PENETRTION &
COLONIALISM
 1511 – Malacca conquered by Portuguese.
Malay Sultanate re-established in Johore.

 1699 – Sultan Mahmud murdered, ending

Malaccan dynasty.
EUROPEAN PENETRTION &
COLONIALISM
 1786 – Francis Light founds British trading
settlement on Penang.

 1824 – British acquired Malacca from the

Dutch in exchange for Bencoolen in Sumatra.
 PORTUGUESE
COLONIZATION
Lukisan menggambarkan kedatangan orang Portugis ke Negeri
Melaka pada tahun 1509. Bangsa Portugis merupakan orang
.
Eropah pertama menjejakkan kaki ke Melaka
Pemandangan Bandar Melaka oleh pelukis
Portugis pada tahun 1511
Reasons for Portuguese to go East

 Control the spice trade

 Control important trade route to the East

 Discover the sea route to the east through

Cape of Good Hope
Reasons for Portuguese to go East

 Process superior sea power and naval

expertise

 Spread Christianity
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION
 Lopez de Sequeira was defeated by Tun
Mutahir in 1509.

 Rivalry between local Malays and Muslim

Tamils in Malacca
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION
 Sultan Mahmud executed Tun Mutahir for
refusing to marry Tun Fatimah to him.

 Chinese and Javanese were not happy with

treatment and high customs taxes.
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION

 In 1511, the Vice Roy of India, Alfonso de

Albuquerque, organized an expedition to
attack Malacca.
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION
 Albuquerque captured Malacca on 24
August 1511 with superior artillery.
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION
 Sultan Mahmud Shah retreated to Muar,
Pahang, Bentan and died in Kampar,
Sumatra.

 Portuguese settlers married the locals,

Malays indifferent to Christianity, Islam
taken roots
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION
 A fortress, A Famosa, was built in
November 1511 to defend Malacca from
any attacks.
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION
 Fall of Melaka signified disunity, disloyalty,
struggle for power and influence and
administrative inefficiency render a country
weak and helpless
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION
 Melaka’s fall gave Portugal the control over
the main Asiatic main trade routes
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION

 Introduced own system to strengthen

political and economic position in the East

 Posts of Bendahara, Temenggung and

Syahbandar were retained – but limited
jurisdictions
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION
 Portuguese mercantile policy displayed
extreme greed

 Traders had to pay high tax, sell goods at low

price and obtain special permit before
conducting business
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION
 In their greed to control spice trade –
Muslims traders were treated poorly – they
later turned to other ports like Johor, Acheh
and Demak.
 Tripartite struggle (Acheh, Portuguese and
Johor), trade suffered and shifted to Pasai.
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION
 Missionary work began

 Johor and Acheh were main enemies and

there were threatening Malacca’s security
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION
 With assistance from Johor, Dutch defeated
Portuguese

 After 130 years of occupation, Portuguese

fell to the Dutch
 ..\..\mind map msia stud\DUTCH
COLONISATION.mm
Dutch Colonization
Dutch Colonization
 The Dutch were successful in establishing
their presence in the East Indies and
Spice Islands.

 Started trading in the 17th century at

Betawi (Batavia) in Java.
Dutch Colonization
 Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1602 –
to control spice trade and tin mining

 They too wanted to dominate commerce

in the Malay Peninsula.
Dutch Colonization
 The Dutch wanted to conquer Malacca to
ensure their monopoly of the entire intra-
Asia trade in the Malay-Indonesia
Archipelago.
Dutch Colonization
 Betawi would become the trading centre.
Malacca, on the other hand, would serve as
a city for the Dutch to regulate tin-rich
states in the Malay Peninsula.
Dutch Colonization
 Dutch defeated Portuguese with the help of
Johor.
 Johor at that time was under the rule of
sultan Abdul Jalil
Dutch Colonization
 1639 – signed a treaty granted the nobles
of Johor free access to trade in the Malacca
Straits
Dutch Colonization
 In 1650 Dutch, attempted to monopolize tin
trade in Perak – foiled by opposition from
the local people.
 Dutch had to give up their desire for tin
monopoly following an attack by Panglima
Kulup Ali in 1690
Dutch Colonization
 In 1795, during the Napoleonic wars, Dutch
surrendered Malacca to the British.

 In 1818, after the wars, under the Treaty of

Vienna, Malacca was restored to Dutch.
Dutch Colonization
 Johor-Dutch friendship was severely tested
by commercial rivalry between the two
parties

 Situation reached its peak in 1782 – Dutch

laid siege to Riau
Dutch Colonization
 Meanwhile in Selangor, Sultan Ibrahim
whom the Dutch accused for not wanting to
sell the tin and for favoring the English East
India Company.

 Sultan Ibrahim (with help from Rembau and

Raja Haji) attacked the Dutch
Dutch Colonization
 Attack failed– conflict between Selangor
and Dutch dragged on to 1786

 Dutch tried its best to stifle Johor’s power

 1784 agreement – Sultan Mahmud (the

third) was forced to surrender Riau
Dutch Colonization
 The Sultan’s disenchantment was
intensified when the Dutch sent a Resident
to Riau.

 1787 – Johor launched a military attack on

Dutch in Riau – later Dutch recaptured Riau
in the same year
BRITISH COLONIZATION
OF PENANG, SINGAPORE
AND MELAKA
BRITISH COLONIZATION
 Established British East India Company in
1600 to facilitate trade with China.
 Began interested in Malay Archipelago after
trade with China became not very
successful and wanted to find a pirate-free
port.
BRITISH COLONIZATION
 Britain’s colonization of Penang was
achieved through deception and
aggressiveness by Francis Light
BRITISH COLONIZATION
 Penang was considered strategically
located to serve as a military as well as
commercial base.

 Penang was part of the territory of Kedah.

Back then…
BRITISH COLONIZATION
 Kedah was facing threats from Siam and
Burma

 Sultan Muhammad Jiwa offered British to

set up settlements for protection – in case
of an attack
BRITISH COLONIZATION
 Offer was not taken – reoffered by Sultan
Abdullah (due to threats in the palace and
external factors)

 Sultan Muhammad Jiwa laid out several

conditions:
BRITISH COLONIZATION
 British would protect the waters of Kedah

 Enemies of Kedah considered enemies of British

too

 Expenses incurred in war would be borne by

East India company
BRITISH COLONIZATION
 Ships could trade freely in Kedah or Penang

 Compensation of $30 000 peso paid to Sultan

 British would protect Kedah from enemy attack

BRITISH COLONIZATION
 Francis Light signed the agreement without
obtaining permission form his superiors in India.

 Later, East India Company turned down Kedah’s

conditions to safeguard their interests with Siam
and Selangor
BRITISH COLONIZATION
 Sultan Abdullah ordered British to leave Penang

 The situation become tense when British refused to

leave.

 British attacked Seberang Perai – before Kedah

could take any action
BRITISH COLONIZATION
 serious defeat on Kedah

 Sultan was forced to accept British’s conditions

imposed by the British in 1791
BRITISH COLONIZATION
 British’s conditions:

 acknowledging British’s right to occupy Penang with

annual payment of $6000 peso as compensation

 With this agreement, British colonial rule of Penang

began
BRITISH COLONIZATION
 British in Penang had difficulty in obtaining food
supplies as Penang depended for the supply of
food.

 Kedah tried to obstruct the supply of food to

Penang
BRITISH COLONIZATION
 Being weak Kedah was in no position to resist
British pressure.

 handing over Seberang Perai in 1800.

 Under this agreement, Sultan will receive Annual

compensation of $10 000 peso paid

 No indication of protection given for Kedah

BRITISH IN
SINGAPORE
BRITISH IN SINGAPORE
 British realized that Penang’s geographical position
was too far to the north.

 Began to look for new base elsewhere in the region

close to the Straits of Malacca
BRITISH IN SINGAPORE
 Task was given to Stamford Raffles

 Stanford Raffles found Singapore and

considered it suitable
BRITISH COLONIZATION
 Raffles found out that there was a succession
dispute between two sons of the Johor ruler Sultan
Mahmud III

 Raffles recognized Tengku Husin (the elder son) as

the Sultan of Johor
BRITISH COLONIZATION
 In gratitude of Raffles support, Tengku Husin
allowed British to set up a settlement in Singapore
through an agreement signed in 1819

 Conditions of the agreement:

BRITISH COLONIZATION
 British would protect Tengku Husin

 Annual compensation of $3000 paid

 Stipulated not to have relationship with any other

European power
Anglo-Dutch Treaty 1824
 Was signed on 17 March 1824 with the main aim of
ending all rivalry between the British and the Dutch.

 A number of terms had been agreed :

Anglo-Dutch Treaty 1824
 Territories to the North and east of Straits of
Malacca were given to British

 Those to the west and south of the Straits came

under Dutch influence

 Dutch handed over Malacca to the British in

exchange for Bencoolen (Bangkahulu)
Anglo-Dutch Treaty 1824
 With this exchange, three important ports in the
Malay Peninsula-Penang, Singapore and Malacca-
were now under control of the British.

 In 1826 three territories become known as the

Straits Settlement
Questions
 List the lessons that we learnt from
colonization.

 State mistakes made by our people that

resulted in foreign colonization.