Link layer

• How data is coded, signaled & transmitted

through physical medium
IEEE 802.3 ETHERNET
802.3 10BASE 5 ETHERNET Co axial
cable
802.3i 10BASE T ETHERNET Twisted pair

802.3j 10BASE F ETHERNET Fiber optic

802.3 ae 10 Gb/s ETHERNET Fiber

Data rate 10Mb/s to 40 Gb/s

• 802.11 WiFi
– WLAN communication standard
– Data rate 1Mb/s to up to 6.75 Gb/s
Standard Operating frequency

802.11 a 5GHz
802.11 b & g 2.4 GHz

802.11 n 2.4/5 GHz

802.11 ac 5GHz
802.11 ad 60 GHz
• 802.16 WiMAX
– Wireless broadband standard
– Data rate 1.5 Mb/s to 1 Gb/s
– Mobile station 100 Mb/s
– Fixed station 1 Gb/s
• 802.15.4 LR WPAN
– Standard for low rate wireless personal area
network
– Basis for high level communication protocol
(Zigbee)
– Data rate – 40 Kb/s to 250 Kb/s
– Used for power constrained device
• 2G/3G/4G – Mobile communication
– 2G – GSM & CDMA
– 3G – UTMS & CDMA 2000
– 4G – LTE
– Data rate 9.6 Kb/s (2G) upto 100 Mb/s (4G)
 Network/ Internet layer
• Performs host addressing & packet routing
• IP addressing scheme
IP addressing scheme Description

IPV4 • 32 bit address scheme

• 2^ 32 address
• Exhausted in 2011
IPV6 • 128 bit address scheme
• 2^ 128 address
6 LOWPAN • Low power devices
• Operates in 2.4 GHz
• Data rate 250 Kb/s
 Transport layer
• End to end message transfer
• Error control, segmentation, flow control &
congestion control
Transport layer protocol Description
Transmission control protocol • Most widely used transport
(TCP) layer protocol
• Connection oriented and
stateful protocol
• Provide reliable transmission
of packet in order
• Used by
• Web browser
• Email program
• File transfer

UDP • Connectionless oriented and

stateless protocol
• Less reliable transmission
• Useful for time sensitive
application
• Application layer
– Responsible for delivering application specific
service to user
Application layer protocol Description

Hypertext transfer protocol • Follows request-response

(HTTP) model
• Stateless protocol
• Use URI to identify HTTP
source

Constrained Application • Used for small devices

protocol (CoAP) • Follows request-response
model
• Used for M2M
Application layer protocol Description

Websocket • Allow s full duplex

Message Queue Telemetry
Transport (MQTT)
communication over single TCP
connection
• Light weight messaging protocol
• Based on publish subscriber
model
• Uses client server architecture
• Suitable for constrained
environment

Extensible Messaging and presense • Real time communication &

protocol (XMPP) streaming XML data b/w
network entities
• Messaging, presence, data
syndication, gaming etc
• Decentralized protocol
• Uses client server architecture
Application layer protocol Description

Data distribution service • Data centric middleware

(DDS) standard for device to
device or machine to
machine communication
• Based on publish
subscriber model

Advanced Message • Protocol for business

Queuing Protocol (AMQP) messaging
• Support both point to
point and publish
subscriber model, routing
and queuing