1.

Definition of development
2. Characteristics of development
3. The types of development indicators
4. The differences between the DCs and
the LDCs
5. The Core-Periphery Model & its
limitations
6. Factors affecting development
7. Strategies for development
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What is development?

It is the progressive process which aims

to achieve economic growth and create
an environment for individuals to enjoy a
decent standard of living and quality of
life.
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 Trans-Amazon Highway

Development is a process of change that

improves the wellbeing of a society.
- material wealth
To this… of life
- quality
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Building of a Dam and a Reservoir

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Development is a process of change that
improves the wellbeing of a society.
- material wealth
- quality of life
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Other Examples of Development
 Green Revolution in India ( the use of modern
technology and improved rice grains resulted
in an increase in crop yields and farmers’
income and more comfortable lives.
 The building of beach resorts in Bintan
Indonesia helped to increase the
income and living conditions of the local
people.
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 So how do we define that a country is
developed or not developed?
 What are the indicators that we look at?
 Worksheet

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What is development?

It is the progressive process which aims

to achieve economic growth and create
an environment for individuals to enjoy a
decent standard of living and quality of
life.
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 People’s level of wealth

Economic growth

Development
Standard of Living Quality of Life

Goods and services in

the living environment People’s well-being

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Economic growth Standard of Living Quality of Life

Access to :
•Electricity supply
•Employment •Clean water •Political &
•Wages •Healthcare services religious freedom
•Types of industries & facilities •Environmental health
•Efficient & •Happiness
affordable public
& private transport

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There are THREE basic goals:
1. To improve the economy.
2. To raise the standard of living
3. To improve the quality of life.
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 Economic Standard of Quality of Life
Growth Living
 Increase in wealth of  living conditions of
the country.  Good sense of well-
the people. being
 Production of goods  Basic needs are met.
and services.  Happiness
 Desire for things that  Religious & political
 More employment is make life more
created. comfortable, like cars Freedom
and TVs.

•These aims are related because when more wealth is created, more money
can be spent on improving the standard of living.
•Thus development is on -going process because people continue to seek a
better quality of life and countries continue to grow and improve.
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a. Develop manufacturing industry.
b. Improve agriculture.
c. Increase export.

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Development is a process of change that
improves the wellbeing of a society.
- material wealth
- quality of life
Traditional method of harvesting
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Improve agriculture

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Develop manufacturing industries

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Increase export

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a. Basic Needs (food, shelter, water,
sanitation, health care and education)
are met.

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 Different viewpoints of development:
- economist
- sociologist
- geographer
 Development is a continuous process-
short-term & long-term

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 ongoing
 The rate of development depends on
several factors
 Development is measured by a wide-
range of indicators
 Positive & negative impact of
development
 Development is an emotional issue

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 Why is development a complex
concept and difficult to define?

Due to different Wide range of

viewpoints measurements
Several Factors
influencing development
Emotional issue

Development is a
continuous process Positive &
negative impact

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 DIFFERENCES IN DEVELOPMENT
 Development is a continuing process.

 Thus not all countries are at the same

level of development.

 There are also differences in

development between countries and
within a country.

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 Classification of countries
In the1950s…

 First World – democratic countries in N. America,

Western Europe, Japan Australia & New Zealand

 2nd World-non-democratic countries – former Soviet

Union & Peoples’ Republic of China

 3rd World – the rest of the countries which are

considered poor.

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Classification of Countries
At Present:

 Developed Countries – USA, Japan,

Switzerland, Italy

 Less Developed Countries – Cambodia, Peru,

Ethiopia [ early stages of devt, lower
standards of living, lower quality of life]

YouTube - Poor Country Uganda :((...

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 The Old The Newly The Centrally
The Oil-rich Planned
Industrialised Industrialised countries Economies
Countries Countries

Uk North
Germany Singapore Brunei Korea
France South Korea Saudi
Taiwan Arabia Former
Soviet
Union

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The World of Uneven Development

 The pace of development varies among

different countries.
 The difference in pace often leads to a
wide gap in development between the
DCs and the LDCs.
 There are several indicators to
determine the pace of development.

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Uneven economic development

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 INDICATORS OF DEVLOPMENT

ECONOMIC DEMOGRAPHIC SOCIAL

•Income per •Access to

•Life
capita water &
Expectancy sanitation
•Employment •Infant •Adult
structure Mortality Rate Literacy rate
•Urban
Population
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 Income per capita
Gross National Product
•GNP measures the wealth of country.

•Annual GNP refers to the total value of goods &

services produced by the country’s citizens in a given
year.

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 GNP per capita
 GNP per capita means the average amount of income
each citizen earns in the country in a given year.

 It is calculated by dividing the GNP by the total

population.

GNP = total income generated in a country in 1 yr

Total population in the country

 However GNP per capita is an average figure and does

not reflect distribution of wealth within a country.

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Classification of countries based on
GNP per capita
 High-income economies
(US$10 726 more)
 Middle income economies
(US$876-$10 725)
 Low-income economies
(US$875 or less)

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GNP is affected by:
 The size of population
 The type of industries –
A DC has a higher proportion of secondary
& tertiary industries – brings a higher
amount of income.

An LDC has a larger primary industry-

generates less profit to the economy.
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Why is GNP per capita not an accurate measurement of
development?
 It is an average figure and does not show individual and
regional differences.(1/4 of Americans are poor)

 It does not take into account the local cost of living.

 It does not reflect the informal economic activities that are

not registered with the government. (tuition services &
street hawking)

 It does not take into account the social and environmental

cost brought about by development (income gap, air
pollution)

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 EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURE
Refers to the distribution of people employed
in the three main industries.

 Primary- extraction of natural resources

directly from the earth [ agriculture, mining,
forestry, fishing]

 Secondary- Industries that convert natural

resources into useful products [ petroleum &
food processing industries]

 Tertiary- industries that provide services-

[tourism, education, banking]
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 Primary 28%

Secondary 36%

In the developed
countries, less than
5% of the people Primary Industries
work in contribute less to the
agriculture. country’s GNP.

In less developed countries,

Tertiary 36% more than 75% of the people
work in agriculture.
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 China
Triangular Graph
Japan
Nigeria

Primary Secondary

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Tertiary
 Employment Structure
Percentage of Workforce
Country Primary Secondary Tertiary
China 49 22 29
Japan 5 25 70
Nigeria 70 10 20

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 Demographic indicators
Life Expectancy
 Refers to the average number of years that a

person is expected to live in a particular

country.
 In the DCs- the life expectancy is much

longer than those in the LDCs.

 Reflects the access to healthcare.

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Life expectancy at birth by world region, 2001
Area Total Males Females
World 67 65 69
Developed countries 75 72 79
Less developed countries 64 63 66
Africa 54 52 55
Asia 67 65 68
Asia (excluding China) 64 63 66
Latin America (and Caribbean) 71 68 74
Europe 74 70 78
North America (U.S. and Canada) 77 74 80
SOURCE: Population Reference Bureau. 2001 World
Population Data Sheet. Washington, DC: Population
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Reference Bureau, 2001.
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Percentage of Population which has access to healthcare
services in different countries
Country Population with Access to
Healthcare Services (%)

LDC
Ethiopia 46
Cambodia 53
India 85
Indonesia 80
DC
Singapore 100
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 Infant Mortality Rate
 Refers to the number of deaths of children under
the age of one per 1000 live births in a year.

 DCs- lower IMR due to availability of good

sanitation and easy accessibility to hospitals and
doctors (Singapore 2 per 1000 live births)

 LDCs – higher IMR due to occurrence of war,

drought, shortage of food, poor nutrition, famine
and life threatening diseases
(Ethiopia- 100 per 1000 live births)
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 Urban population
 It refers to the percentage of people living in an
urban area. This figure is usually higher in a DC
than a LDC.

Reasons
 DCs – have financial resources to develop
cities, modern infrastructure. A large % of
workers work in secondary & tertiary industries
in the cities.

 LDCs – lower % of people living in urban areas.

Large % work in primary industries.

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 Level of Urbanisation.
Refers to the change from a rural
countryside to a city landscape
Developed Less Developed
Countries Countries
 High level of  High level of
urbanisation and urbanisation does not
development lead to higher growth
 Many high value-added and development
industries.  Leads to problems
 More wealth is because of lack of
generated infrastructure to sustain
 Further development large urban population.

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% of urban population may not be an accurate
indicator of development
Reasons:
 An emerging counter-urbanization trend in
some DCs:
(In USA, the city people are relocating to the suburbs.
due to congestion & pollution in the cities)

 In the LDCs, more people are moving to the

cities because of better employment
opportunities. This contributes to rapid
growth in urban population:
(In, Mumbai India, 18m people living in an area of less
than 500 sq km.)
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 Effects of rapid urban growth in the LDCs
Slums
Insufficient housing facilities
-Authorised housing areas
leads development of slums
that have deteriorated.
and squatters.
-Poorly maintained housing.
-No access to water and
electricity supplies
Squatters
-Areas where people have illegally
built makeshift housing from
discarded cardboards and planks.
-No proper electricity or water
supplies
-Often next to open sewers and
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Slums
Squatters

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Social Indicators
 Access to water & sanitation Country Rural Population
safe drinking water. LDC population with access
with access to Proper
to safe sanitation in
 Availability of garbage and drinking 1999(%)
wastewater disposal service. water in
2002(%)
 Contaminated drinking water Nigeria 39 36
and poor sanitation are the
leading causes of death in Kenya 77 53
many LDCs.

Indonesia 62 51
 % of people who have access
to safe drinking water and
proper sanitation is generally
India 81 29
low in the LDCs.

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 Adult Literacy Rate
 Refers to the percentage of the population aged 15 and above who are able to read,
write and understand simple statements.

 DCs- higher literacy rate. Governments have the financial resources to meet the
educational needs of the people (build schools, train teachers and subsidise the cost
of education). Parents have higher income- can afford to send children to school.

 LDCs- lower literacy rate- schools are not readily available, parents are poor and
children work in the farms, social customs limit the access of females to education.

Country Adult Country Adult

LDC Literacy rate DC Literacy
(%) rate (%)
Vietnam 94.0 USA 99.8
Kenya 82.4 Japan 99.8
Laos 48.7 UK 99.8
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India 52.2 Singapore 94.6
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 Unmeasurable aspects of development
 There are some aspects of development that cannot be
measured.

 These are qualities that define the quality of life.

 They are non-material benefits:

1. Sense of security
2. Fulfilment in life
3. Sense of purpose in life
4. Sense of belonging to a community
5. Freedom of movement, speech, to choose jobs
and livelihood.
6. Liberation from oppression, violence and
exploitation
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 Human Development Index
HDI combines 3 important
development indicators:
 Economic indicator- GNP per capita

 Social Indicator- Adult Literacy rate

Level of HDI
 Demographic indicator- Life
Human Values
expectancy Devt
High 0.8-1.0
HDI is calculated by averaging the
scores of the 3 indicators in Medium 0.5-0.799
individual countries.
Low 0.499 &
HDI values ranges from 0 to 1.0
below

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 Advantages of using the HD1
to measure development
 It provides a comprehensive method of measuring
development because it takes into account :
Economic wealth.
Quality of life

 Generally a higher GDP per capita would contribute to

a higher HDI.

 A country may be rich in terms of GDP per capita but

the accumulated wealth does not necessarily improve
the quality of life of all the people living in the
country.

 On the other hand some countries may not be as

wealthy as others but Prepared
theirbyHDI may
Mdm Roziah be higher.
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 INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT
Indicators Developed Countries Less Developed
Countries
GNP per capita High Low
Employment Higher % in tertiary Higher % in primary
and secondary industries
industries

Infant Mortality Rate Low High

Life Expectancy High Low
Transport networks Well-developed Few transport links

Education High Literacy rates Low Literacy rates

Housing Housing with Lack of amenities

amenities
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