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ME 331

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning


M Asfandyar

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 1


Psychrometry
Topics of the Week…

 Sensible Heat and Latent Heat processes

 Sensible Heat Factor

 Bypass factor

 Air washer

 Water Injection

 Steam Injection

 Summer Air-Conditioning System

 Winter Air-Conditioning

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 2


Psychrometry
Basic Processes in Conditioning of
Air

OA-Sensible Heating
OB-Sensible Cooling
OC-Humidifying
OD-Dehumidifying
OE-Heating and Humidifying C
G E
OF-Cooling and Dehumidifying
OG-Cooling and humidifying A
B
OH-Heating and dehumidifying O

F H
D

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 3


Psychrometry
Sensible Heat Process-Heating or Cooling

When the state of the air moves from O to A or to B, there is no change in the
moisture content of the air.
If the state changes from O to C or to D, the DBT remains constant.
However, most practical moisture-transfer processes involve a change in temperature as
well.
The heat transfer for AB or BA is given by:

𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚 𝑎 (ℎ𝐴 − ℎ𝐵 )

𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚 𝑎 𝐶 𝑝 (𝑡 𝐴 − 𝑡 𝐵 ) Where 𝐶𝑝 = 𝐶 𝑝 𝑎 + 𝜔𝐶𝑝𝑣
𝐶𝑝 → 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡.

𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎 (1.005 + 1.88𝜔) (𝑡𝐴 − 𝑡 𝐵 )

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 4


Psychrometry
Latent Heat Process-Humidifying or Dehumidifying

Moisture in the form of vapor has to be transferred to change the humidity ratio of the air.
This transfer of moisture is given by for process CD or DC:

𝐺 = 𝑚 𝑎 (𝜔 𝐶 − 𝜔 𝐷 )

Latent heat transfer is given by:

𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚 𝑎 (ℎ𝐶 − ℎ𝐷 )

𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚 𝑎 [ 𝐶𝑝𝑡𝐶 + ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝜔 𝐶 − 𝐶𝑝𝑡𝐷 + ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝜔 𝐷 ]

𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚 𝑎 ℎ𝑓 𝑔 𝜔𝐶 − 𝜔𝐷

𝑄𝐿 = 2500𝐺

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 5


Psychrometry
Sensible Heat Factor (SHF)

The ratio of the sensible heat transfer to the total heat transfer is termed as
the sensible heat factor. Thus

𝑄𝑆 𝑄𝑆
𝑆𝐻𝐹 = =
𝑄𝐿 + 𝑄𝑆
𝑄 ℎ𝐶
𝑆𝐻𝐹 = ℎ 𝐵 − ℎ𝐴
ℎ 𝐵 − ℎ𝐴 +
(ℎ𝐶 − ℎ𝐵 )
ℎ𝐵
ℎ 𝐵 − ℎ𝐴
𝑆𝐻𝐹 =
ℎ 𝐶 − ℎ𝐴 C
ℎ𝐴
An SHF of 0.75 to 0.8 is quite common
in air-conditioning practice in a
normal dry day climate.
A B
A lower value of SHF (0.65), implies
a high latent heat load, which is quite
common in humid climate.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 6
Psychrometry
By Pass Factor

A bypass factor of the apparatus representing the fraction of un-contacted air in


terms of the states 1, 2 and S.
It can be expresser as follow:

𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝐴𝐷𝑃 𝑋 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑋𝐴𝐷𝑃 ℎ2


− ℎ𝑠 1
𝑋 = 𝑇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝐴𝐷𝑃 = 𝑋 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑋𝐴𝐷𝑃 = ℎ1 − ℎ𝑠

2
S
Conversely, one can define a contact factor (1-X), a
X 1-X
fraction of the contacted air.

Where ADP is the apparatus dew point of the


coil

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 7


Psychrometry
Air Washer

 An air-conditioning apparatus that involves the


flow of air through a spray of water

 During the course of flow the air may be cooled


or heated, humidified or dehumidified or simply
adiabatically saturated, depending on the mean
surface temperature of water.

 The water is accordingly externally cooled


or heated or simply re-circulated by a pump.

 Make-up water is added for any loss in the case


of humidification of air.

 Eliminator plates are provided to minimize the


loss of water droplets.

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 8


Psychrometry
Air Washer
Process1-2A: The mean surface temperature of the water is greater than the dry
bulb temperature of air. The water is externally heated

Process1-2B: The mean surface temperature


of the water is equal than the dry bulb
temperature of air. The water is externally
heated. S

2C 2B
Process1-2C: The mean surface temperature S
of the water is less than the dry bulb 2D 2A
temperature of air. The water is externally
heated.
1
Process1-2D: The mean surface temperature
of water is equal to the WBT of air.
Recirculation of water without any external
heating or cooling.

𝑻𝒘
𝑻𝟏

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 9


Psychrometry
Air Washer

Process1-2E: Enthalpy of the air decreases,


hence the water is required to be
externally cooled.

Process1-2F: The temperature of water is


S
equal to the dew point temperature of
air. Water is required to be cooled. 2C 2B
S
2D 2A
Process1-2G: The mean surface temperature
S
is lower than the dew point temperature of
2E
air. Air is simultaneously cooled and 1
dehumidified. S 2F
2G
S
Note: The air washer affords means for year-
round air-conditioning system.
𝑻𝒅 𝑻𝒘
𝑻𝟏

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 10


Psychrometry
Air Washer

Interpretation:

1. If the spray water is heated external S


to 2C 2B
the washer, the WBT of air increases. S
2. If the spray water is cooled external to 2D 2A
the washer, the WBT of air S
decreases. 2E
1
3. If the spray water is neither heated nor S 2F
cooled external to the washer, the WBT 2G
of air is not changed S

𝑻𝒅 𝑻𝒘
𝑻𝟏

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 11


Psychrometry
Energy Balance

𝐻2 − 𝐻1 = 𝐻4 − 𝐻3
3
𝑚 𝑎 ℎ 2 − ℎ1 = 𝑚 𝑤 𝐶 𝑝 𝑤 𝑡 𝑤 3 − [𝑚 𝑤 − 𝑚 𝑎 𝜔2 − 𝜔1 ]𝐶 𝑝 𝑤 𝑡 𝑤 4 Water, 𝑚 𝑤

𝑚 𝑎 ℎ 2 − ℎ1 = 𝑚 𝑤 𝐶 𝑝 𝑤 𝑡 𝑤 3 − 𝑡 𝑤 4 + 𝑚 𝑎 𝜔 2 − 𝜔1 𝐶 𝑝 𝑤 𝑡 𝑤 4
1 2
The humidifying efficiency of an air washer can be defined as: Air In, 𝑚 𝑎 Air Out, 𝑚 𝑎

ℎ 2 − ℎ1
𝐻 𝜔 2 − 𝜔1 4
ƞ = ℎ𝑆 − ℎ1 = 𝜔𝑆 − 𝜔1 𝑚 𝑤 − 𝑚 𝑎 (𝜔 2 − 𝜔 1)

𝜔𝑆 − 𝜔2
𝑋=
𝜔𝑆 − 𝜔1
𝜔 2 − 𝜔1
𝑋=1−
𝜔𝑆 − 𝜔1

𝑋 = 1 − ƞ𝐻 Note: the humidifying efficiency is the same as the contact factor


Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 12
Psychrometry
Water Injection

If water at 𝑇𝑓be injected and sprayed into a flowing air stream with help of nozzle,
the condition of the air will change depending on the amount of water that
evaporates.
𝑚𝑣
𝜔 2 = 𝜔1 +
𝑚𝑎
S
𝑚
ℎ2 = ℎ1 + 𝑣 ℎ𝑓 2C
𝑚𝑎
S
2B
ℎ2 = ℎ1 + (𝜔 2 − 𝜔 1)ℎ
𝑓 S 2A
ℎ𝑓 is the enthalpy of water.
1

If the water is injected at the WBT of


the air, there no need of heat supply or
rejection and the process follows the
constant WBT line 1-2B.
𝑻𝒘
𝑻𝟏

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 13


Psychrometry
Steam Injection

Steam is normally injected into fresh outdoor


air which is then supplied for the
conditioning of textile mills where high
humidity has to be maintained. 2 𝝎𝟏

𝑚𝑣
𝜔2 = 𝜔1 +
𝑚𝑎
𝝎𝟐
1

𝑚𝑣
ℎ2 = ℎ1 + ℎ𝑣
𝑚𝑎

𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 14


Psychrometry
Summer Air-Conditioning
System Apparatus Dew
Point

For the simplest air-conditioning system, consider a space which is to be maintained


at the room or inside condition of say dry bulb temperature 𝑡𝑖 and humidity ratio 𝜔 𝑖 .
Let 𝑄𝑠 represent the sensible heat gain and G, the moisture gain of the room
from internal and external sources.

𝑅𝑇𝐻 = 𝑅𝑆𝐻 + 𝑅𝐿𝐻

RTH= Room Total Heat


RSH= Room Sensible Heat
RLH=Room Latent Heat

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 15


Psychrometry
Summer Air-Conditioning System
Apparatus Dew Point
 In summer, the outside air
temperature and humidity are both ℎ𝑖
high. The room therefore gain
heat as well as moisture.
𝑖
 It is therefore required to cool and ℎ𝑠 𝜔𝑖
ℎ𝐴𝐷𝑃 𝑠2
dehumidify the re-circulated room 𝑠1 𝜔 𝑠2
air in the air-conditioning apparatus 𝜔 𝑠1
either by using cooling coil or an 𝑆 𝑠 𝜔𝑠
air washer in which chilled water is 𝜔𝐴𝐷𝑃

sprayed. 1-X
X
𝑅𝑆𝐻
𝑡𝑠1 𝑡𝑠2
𝑡𝐴𝐷𝑃 𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑖
𝑅𝑆𝐻
Heat
𝑅𝑆𝐻𝐹balance
=
𝑅𝑆𝐻Equations:
=
+ 𝑅𝐿𝐻 𝑅𝑇𝐻
𝑅𝑆𝐻 = 𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚 𝑎 𝐶 𝑝 𝑡𝑖 − 𝑡𝑠 = 0.0204(𝑐𝑚𝑚)𝑠(𝑡𝑖 − 𝑡 𝑠 )

𝑅𝐿𝐻 = 𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚 𝑎 (ℎ𝑓 𝑔 )0 𝜔𝑖 − 𝜔𝑠 = 50(𝑐𝑚𝑚)𝑠 𝜔𝑖


− 𝜔𝑠 Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 16
Psychrometry
Summer Air-Conditioning System with
Ventilation Air-Zero Bypass Factor

 The introduction of fresh


outside air for the ventilation 𝑄𝑠
Ventilation Re-circulated air, 𝑡𝑖 𝜔
of conditioned space is 𝑖 Room at 𝑡 𝑖 𝜔 𝑖
𝑚𝑎0
necessary to dilute the
carbon dioxide and odours 𝑚𝑎�
𝐺
and other air contaminants �

for maintaining the purity of 1 2 S Supply air, 𝑡𝑠𝜔𝑠


room air.
 As a result the supply air to 𝑚𝑎0
Cooling and 𝑚𝑎 𝑠
the room comprises fresh air Fan
Dehumidifyin
and re-circulated room air. g Apparatus
 An amount equivalent to the
fresh air is ejected from the
room.

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 17


Psychrometry
Summer Air-Conditioning System with
Ventilation Air-Zero Bypass Factor
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
 0 and i represent the outside 0
and inside air sates and 1 is the
state of air after the mixing of
recirculated room air with 1
ventilation air.
 The mixture entering the
conditioning apparatus comprises 𝑆, 𝑠, 𝑖
recirculated room air 𝑚 𝑎 𝑖 and 2
ventilation air 𝑚 𝑎 0 .
 Note: In this case the coil ADP
and the room ADP are the 𝑡𝐴𝐷𝑃 𝑡𝑖 𝑡0
same. 𝑆: Surface at ADP
𝑠: Leaving air
𝑅𝑆𝐻𝐹= Room sensible Heat Factor 2: Supply air
G𝑆𝐻𝐹= Grand Sensible Heat Factor

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 18


Psychrometry
Summer Air-Conditioning System with
Ventilation Air-Zero Bypass Factor
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑄 = 𝑚 𝑎 𝑠 ℎ1 − 𝑚 𝑎 𝑠 ℎ 2 0
𝑚𝑎
0

𝑄 = (𝑚 𝑎 𝑖 ℎ𝑖 + 𝑚 𝑎 0 ℎ0) − 𝑚 𝑎 𝑠 ℎ 2 1

𝑄 = (𝑚 𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑚 𝑎 0 ) ℎ𝑖 + 𝑚 𝑎 0 ℎ0 − 𝑚 𝑎 𝑠 ℎ 2 𝑚𝑎𝑖
𝑖
𝑆, 𝑠,
𝑄 = 𝑚 𝑎 𝑠 ( ℎ𝑖 − ℎ2) + 𝑚 𝑎 0 (ℎ0 − ℎ 𝑖 ) 2

Room load Ventilation load


𝑡𝐴𝐷𝑃 𝑡𝑖 𝑡0
𝑆: Surface at ADP
𝑠: Leaving air
𝑅𝑆𝐻𝐹= Room sensible Heat Factor 2: Supply air
G𝑆𝐻𝐹= Grand Sensible Heat Factor

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 19


Psychrometry
Summer Air-Conditioning System with
Ventilation Air-Zero Bypass Factor
Example: The air-handling unit of an air-conditioning plant supplies a total of 4500 cmm
of dry air which comprises by weight 20% fresh air at 40ºC DBT and 27ºC WBT, and 80%
recirculated air at 25ºC DBT and 50% RH. The air leaves the cooling coil at 13ºC
saturated state. Calculate the total cooling load and room heat gain.

Outside Inside Coil Inlet ADP


(0) (i) (1) (S)
DBTºC 40 25 28 13
WBTºC 27
RH % 50 100
S.H 17.2 10 11.44 9.4
Enthalpy 85 50.8 57.6 37.0

Specific volume of air entering the cooling


coil:
4500
𝑣 = 0.869 𝑚3 𝑚 𝑎 1
= 0.869
kg d.a/min = 86.3 kg d.a/sec
1 𝑘𝑔
𝑑 .𝑎 Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 20
Psychrometry
Summer Air-Conditioning System with
Ventilation Air-Zero Bypass Factor

Outside Inside Coil Inlet ADP


(0) (i) (1) (S)
DBTºC 40 25 28 13
WBTºC 27
RH % 50 100
S.H 17.2 10 11.44 9.4
Enthalpy 85 50.8 57.6 37.0

Total Cooling load


Room heat gain
𝑄 = 𝑚 𝑎 𝑠 ( ℎ1 − ℎ2)
𝑅𝐻𝐺 = 𝑄 − 𝑄0 = 1781.4 − 590.4
𝑄 = 86.3 57.64 − 37 = 1781.4 𝑘𝑊 𝑅𝐻𝐺 = 1191 𝑘𝑊
Fresh air load
𝑄0 = 𝑚 𝑎 0 ℎ0 − ℎ𝑖 = 0.2 86.3 85 − = 590.4 𝑘𝑊
50.8
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 21
Psychrometry
Summer Air-Conditioning System with
Ventilation Air Bypass Factor X
In actual practice the bypass factor in not 0
zero, hence it is necessary to lower the
apparatus dew point temperature ADP
than 1
the room ADP, in such a way that the leaving 𝑡𝑠 = 𝑡𝐴𝐷𝑃 𝑐𝑜
air state 2 lies on the RSHF line i-s. 𝑖 𝑙
𝑆 𝑖
𝑠, 2
𝑆′
𝑡2 − 𝑡′2 ℎ2 − ℎ′2 1−𝑋
𝑋
𝑋 = 1 − 𝑡′2 = 1 − ℎ′2
𝑡 ℎ
𝑡 2′ = 𝑡 𝐴 𝐷 𝑃 𝑐 𝑜 𝑖 𝑙 𝑡2 𝑡𝑖 𝑡1

It will be seen that the effect of the bypass factor is to lower the ADP of the surface,
and hence to decrease the coefficient of performance of the refrigerating machine.

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 22


Psychrometry
Summer Air-Conditioning System with
Ventilation Air Bypass Factor X
Example: A building has the following calculated cooling loads;
RSH gain = 310 kW
RLH gain = 100 kW
The space is maintained at the following conditions:
Room DBT = 25ºC
Room RH = 50%
Outdoor air is at 38ºC and 50% RH. And 10% by mass of air supplied to he building is outdoor air. If the
air supplied to the space is not to be at a temperature lower than 18ºC, find:

1. Minimum amount of air supplied to space in 𝑚 3/𝑠.


2. Volume flow rate of recirculated room air, exhaust air and outdoor air.
3. State and volume flow rate of air entering the cooling coil
4. Capacity, ADP, BPF and GSHF of the cooling coil.

𝑅𝑆𝐻𝐹 = 0.756

If we draw RSHF line, it intersects with


𝑡2=18ºC vertical line, gives supply air
state point s or 2.

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 23


𝟎

𝟏
𝒊
𝟐,s
𝑺

9º𝑪 𝟏𝟖º 26.3º 3𝟖º

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 24


Psychrometry
Outside Inside Coil Inlet Supply ADP
(0) (i) (1) (s or (S)
2)
DBTºC 38 25 26.3 18 9
WBTºC
DPTºC 16
RH % 50 50 100
S.H
Enthalpy 92 50.5 56 41.2
S. Volume 0.91 0.865 0.836

1. Minimum amount of air supplied to space in 𝑚 3/𝑠.

𝑅𝑇𝐻 410
𝑚𝑎 𝑠 =
ℎ𝑖− ℎ 𝑠 = 50.5 − 41.2 = 44.1 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

3
𝑉𝑠= 𝑚 𝑎 𝑠 𝑣𝑠 = (44.1)(0.836) = 36.86 𝑚 /𝑠

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 25


Psychrometry
Outside Inside Coil Inlet Supply ADP
(0) (i) (1) (s or (S)
2)
DBTºC 38 25 26.3 18 9
WBTºC
DPTºC 16
RH % 50 50 100
S.H
Enthalpy 92 50.5 56 41.2
S. Volume 0.91 0.865 0.836

2. Volume flow rate of recirculated room air and exhaust air.

𝑚 𝑎 0 = 0.1𝑚 𝑎 𝑠 = 0.1 44.1 = 4.41 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

𝑉0 = 𝑚 𝑎 𝑣0 = (4.41)(0.91) = 4.0 𝑚 3 /𝑠
0

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 26


Psychrometry
Outside Inside Coil Inlet Supply ADP
(0) (i) (1) (s or (S)
2)
DBTºC 38 25 26.3 18 9
WBTºC
DPTºC 16
RH % 50 50 100
S.H
Enthalpy 92 50.5 56 41.2
S. Volume 0.91 0.865 0.836

3. State and volume flow rate of air entering the cooling coil

𝑡1 = 0.9𝑡𝑖 + 0.1𝑡0 = 0.9 25 + 0.1 38 =


26.3º𝐶

𝑉1 = 𝑚 𝑎 𝑣1 = (44.1)(0.865) = 38.14 𝑚 3 /𝑠
𝑠

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 27


Psychrometry
Outside Inside Coil Inlet Supply ADP
(0) (i) (1) (s or (S)
2)
DBTºC 38 25 26.3 18 9
WBTºC
DPTºC 16
RH % 50 50 100
S.H
Enthalpy 92 50.5 56 41.2
S. Volume 0.91 0.865 0.836

4. Capacity, ADP, BPF and GSHF of the cooling coil.

𝑄 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝐺𝑇𝐻 = 𝑚 𝑎 𝑠 ℎ1 − ℎ2 = 44.1 54.6 − 41.2 = 591 𝑘𝑊

ADP = 9ºC (Obtained by intersecting the 1-2 line with saturated curve)
𝑡2 − 𝑡𝐴𝐷𝑃 18 − 9
𝐵𝑃𝐹 = = = 0.52
26.3 − 9
𝑡1 − 𝑡𝐴𝐷𝑃
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 28
Psychrometry
Outside Inside Coil Inlet Supply ADP
(0) (i) (1) (s or (S)
2)
DBTºC 38 25 26.3 18 9
WBTºC
DPTºC 16
RH % 50 50 100
S.H
Enthalpy 92 50.5 56 41.2
S. Volume 0.91 0.865 0.836

4. Capacity, ADP, BPF and GSHF of the cooling coil.

𝑇𝑆𝐻 𝑇𝑆𝐻 𝑚 𝑎 𝑠 𝐶𝑝(𝑡1 −


𝐺𝑆𝐻𝐹 = 𝑡 2)
𝑇𝑆𝐻 + 𝑇𝐿𝐻 = 𝐺𝑇𝐻 = 592

44.1 (1.02)(26.3 − 18)


𝐺𝑆𝐻𝐹 = = 0.635
591
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 29
Psychrometry
Winter Air Conditioning System
 In general, the process in the conditioning apparatus for winter air conditioning
for comfort involve heating and humidifying.
 In winter, building sensible heat losses are partially compensated by the solar heat
gain and the internal heat gains such as those from occupancy, lighting, etc.
 Similarly, the latent heat gain from occupancy is more or less offset the low outside
air humidity.
 Thus in winter, the heating load is likely to be less than the cooling load in
summer.

Two of the typical process combinations are:

I. Preheating the air with steam or hot water in a coil followed by


adiabatic saturation and reheat.
II. Heating and humidifying air in an air washer with pumped recirculation
and external heating of water followed by reheat.

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 30


Psychrometry
Winter Air Conditioning System
I. Preheating the air with steam or hot water in a coil followed by
adiabatic
saturation and reheat.
II. Heating and humidifying air in an air washer with pumped recirculation
and external heating of water followed by reheat.

𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑅𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠
3
𝑖
𝜔↑
1
𝑃𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 2
0

𝑡→
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 31
Psychrometry
Winter Air Conditioning System
Example: In an industrial application for winter air conditioning, an air washer is
used with heated water spray followed by a reheater. The room sensible heat factor
may be taken as unity. The design conditions are:
Outside air: 0º DBT and dry.
Inside: 22º DBT and 50% RH
Room heat loss: 703 kW
The following quantities are known from the summer
design. Ventilation air = 𝑉𝑜= 1600 𝑐𝑚𝑚.
Supply air = 𝑉𝑠= 2800 𝑐𝑚𝑚.
Spray water quantity = 𝑚 𝑤 1 = 500 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛.
The air washer saturation efficiency is 90%. The make-up water is available at 20ºC.
Calculate:
1. The supply air condition to space.
2. The entering and leaving air conditions at the spray chamber.
3. The entering and leaving spray water temperature.
4. The heat added to the spray water.
5. The reheat, if necessary.

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 32


𝟏𝟗. 𝟔º

𝑺
𝟖. 𝟖

𝟐 𝒊 𝟖. 𝟐 𝒔
𝟒. 𝟖º

𝟑. 𝟓
𝟏

𝟎
9.4
34.2º

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 33


Psychrometry
Winter Air Conditioning
Solutions: System
1. The supply air condition :
𝑅𝑆𝐻 = 𝑄𝑠 = 0.0204(𝑐𝑚𝑚)𝑠(𝑡𝑖 − 𝑡 𝑠 )

703 = 0.0204(2800) (22 − 𝑡 𝑠 )

𝑡𝑠 = 34.2º
Since RSHF=1, from psychrometric chart, the supply WBT is 19.6ºC, and
specific humidity 𝜔𝑠 is 8.2 kg/kgd.a.

2. The entering and leaving air conditions at the spray chamber:


𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 %
𝑡1 = 0.43𝑡𝑖 + 0.57𝑡0 = 0.43 22 + 0.57 0 = =1600 × 100
2800
9.43º𝐶 = 57%

Similarly: 𝑔 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 %


𝜔1 = 0.43𝜔𝑖 + 0.57𝜔0 = 0.43 8.2 + 0.57 0 = 1200
𝑘𝑔𝑑. 𝑎 = × 100 = 43%
3.53 2800

WBT of entering air is 4.8ºC (Psychro… chart)


Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 34
Psychrometry
Winter Air Conditioning
Solutions: System
Specific humidity of leaving air

𝜔2 = 𝜔𝑠 = 𝜔 𝑖 = 8.2 𝑔
𝑘𝑔𝑑. 𝑎

Expression for saturation or humidifying


efficiency 𝜔2 − 𝜔1
ƞ𝐻 =
𝜔𝑆 − 𝜔1

8.2 − 3.53
0.9 = 𝑆 − 3.53
𝜔
Specific humidity at the wetted-surface

𝜔𝑆 = 8.73 𝑔 𝑤. 𝑣
𝑘𝑔𝑑. 𝑎

DBT (𝑡𝑆) at the wetted-surface (Psychro…


chart)

𝑡𝑆 = &11.8ºC
Refrigeration Air Conditioning 35
Psychrometry
Winter Air Conditioning
Solutions: System
DBT of leaving air
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 𝑡2 −
9.43
𝐻 ƞ = =
𝑡𝑆 − 𝑡1 11.8 − 9.43

𝑡2 = 11.6ºC

WBT (𝑡′2) of leaving air (Psychro… chart)

𝑡′2 = 11.5ºC
3. The entering and leaving spray water temperature.
The temperature of the leaving spray water and the wet bulb temperature of the
leaving air may be taken to be the same. Hence the leaving spray water temperature
(This will be the case once equilibrium is being reached, observe adiabatic
saturation and wet bulb temperature topic previously covered, week9a)

𝑡′2 = 𝑡 𝑤 4 = 11.5ºC

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 36


Psychrometry
Winter Air Conditioning
Solutions: System
Air washer energy balancing equation

𝑚 𝑎 ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 𝑚 𝑤 𝐶 𝑝 𝑤 𝑡 𝑤 3 − 𝑡 𝑤 4 + 𝑚 𝑎 𝜔2 − 𝜔1 𝐶 𝑝 𝑤 𝑡 𝑤 4

2800 2800
33 − 18.2 = (500)(4.187) 𝑡 𝑤 3 − 11.5 0.0082 − 0.0035 (4.187)(11.5)
0.88 +
0.88

47091 = (2093.5) 𝑡 𝑤 3 − 11.5 +


3
720 Water, 𝑚 𝑤

𝑡 𝑤 3 − 11.5 = 22.15
𝑡 𝑤 3 = 33.7º𝐶 1 2
Air In, 𝑚 𝑎 Air Out, 𝑚 𝑎

4
𝑚 𝑤 − 𝑚 𝑎 (𝜔 2 − 𝜔 1)
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 37
Psychrometry
Winter Air Conditioning
System

4. The heat added to the spray water:


Make-up water ∆𝑚 𝑤 = 𝑚 𝑎 𝜔2 − 𝜔1
2800
0.0082 − 0.0035
∆𝑚 𝑤 =
0.88
2800 = 14.95 𝑘𝑔 = 0.2492 𝑘𝑔/𝑠𝑒𝑐
0.0082 − 0.0035 𝑚𝑖𝑛
∆𝑚 𝑤 =
0.88
Amount of heat to make-up water

𝑄1 = 0.2492 = 14.3 𝑘𝑊
4.187
Amount of heat to raise temperature of spray water
33.7 − 20
𝑄 = 500
2 4.187 33.7 − 11.5
60
= 774.5 𝑘𝑊

Heat added to spray water


𝑄 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 = 14.3 + 774.5 = 789 𝑘𝑊
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 38
Psychrometry
Winter Air Conditioning
System
5. Reheat:

𝑅𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 0.0204 𝑐𝑚𝑚 𝑠 (𝑡 𝑠 − 𝑡2)

𝑅𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 0.0204 2800 34.2 − 11.6 = 1291 𝑘𝑊

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 39


Reference:
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (C.P. Arora)

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 40

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