Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Bypass factor
Air washer
Water Injection
Steam Injection
Winter Air-Conditioning
OA-Sensible Heating
OB-Sensible Cooling
OC-Humidifying
OD-Dehumidifying
OE-Heating and Humidifying C
G E
OF-Cooling and Dehumidifying
OG-Cooling and humidifying A
B
OH-Heating and dehumidifying O
F H
D
When the state of the air moves from O to A or to B, there is no change in the
moisture content of the air.
If the state changes from O to C or to D, the DBT remains constant.
However, most practical moisture-transfer processes involve a change in temperature as
well.
The heat transfer for AB or BA is given by:
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚 𝑎 (ℎ𝐴 − ℎ𝐵 )
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚 𝑎 𝐶 𝑝 (𝑡 𝐴 − 𝑡 𝐵 ) Where 𝐶𝑝 = 𝐶 𝑝 𝑎 + 𝜔𝐶𝑝𝑣
𝐶𝑝 → 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡.
Moisture in the form of vapor has to be transferred to change the humidity ratio of the air.
This transfer of moisture is given by for process CD or DC:
𝐺 = 𝑚 𝑎 (𝜔 𝐶 − 𝜔 𝐷 )
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚 𝑎 (ℎ𝐶 − ℎ𝐷 )
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚 𝑎 ℎ𝑓 𝑔 𝜔𝐶 − 𝜔𝐷
𝑄𝐿 = 2500𝐺
The ratio of the sensible heat transfer to the total heat transfer is termed as
the sensible heat factor. Thus
𝑄𝑆 𝑄𝑆
𝑆𝐻𝐹 = =
𝑄𝐿 + 𝑄𝑆
𝑄 ℎ𝐶
𝑆𝐻𝐹 = ℎ 𝐵 − ℎ𝐴
ℎ 𝐵 − ℎ𝐴 +
(ℎ𝐶 − ℎ𝐵 )
ℎ𝐵
ℎ 𝐵 − ℎ𝐴
𝑆𝐻𝐹 =
ℎ 𝐶 − ℎ𝐴 C
ℎ𝐴
An SHF of 0.75 to 0.8 is quite common
in air-conditioning practice in a
normal dry day climate.
A B
A lower value of SHF (0.65), implies
a high latent heat load, which is quite
common in humid climate.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 6
Psychrometry
By Pass Factor
2
S
Conversely, one can define a contact factor (1-X), a
X 1-X
fraction of the contacted air.
2C 2B
Process1-2C: The mean surface temperature S
of the water is less than the dry bulb 2D 2A
temperature of air. The water is externally
heated.
1
Process1-2D: The mean surface temperature
of water is equal to the WBT of air.
Recirculation of water without any external
heating or cooling.
𝑻𝒘
𝑻𝟏
Interpretation:
𝑻𝒅 𝑻𝒘
𝑻𝟏
𝐻2 − 𝐻1 = 𝐻4 − 𝐻3
3
𝑚 𝑎 ℎ 2 − ℎ1 = 𝑚 𝑤 𝐶 𝑝 𝑤 𝑡 𝑤 3 − [𝑚 𝑤 − 𝑚 𝑎 𝜔2 − 𝜔1 ]𝐶 𝑝 𝑤 𝑡 𝑤 4 Water, 𝑚 𝑤
𝑚 𝑎 ℎ 2 − ℎ1 = 𝑚 𝑤 𝐶 𝑝 𝑤 𝑡 𝑤 3 − 𝑡 𝑤 4 + 𝑚 𝑎 𝜔 2 − 𝜔1 𝐶 𝑝 𝑤 𝑡 𝑤 4
1 2
The humidifying efficiency of an air washer can be defined as: Air In, 𝑚 𝑎 Air Out, 𝑚 𝑎
ℎ 2 − ℎ1
𝐻 𝜔 2 − 𝜔1 4
ƞ = ℎ𝑆 − ℎ1 = 𝜔𝑆 − 𝜔1 𝑚 𝑤 − 𝑚 𝑎 (𝜔 2 − 𝜔 1)
𝜔𝑆 − 𝜔2
𝑋=
𝜔𝑆 − 𝜔1
𝜔 2 − 𝜔1
𝑋=1−
𝜔𝑆 − 𝜔1
If water at 𝑇𝑓be injected and sprayed into a flowing air stream with help of nozzle,
the condition of the air will change depending on the amount of water that
evaporates.
𝑚𝑣
𝜔 2 = 𝜔1 +
𝑚𝑎
S
𝑚
ℎ2 = ℎ1 + 𝑣 ℎ𝑓 2C
𝑚𝑎
S
2B
ℎ2 = ℎ1 + (𝜔 2 − 𝜔 1)ℎ
𝑓 S 2A
ℎ𝑓 is the enthalpy of water.
1
𝑚𝑣
𝜔2 = 𝜔1 +
𝑚𝑎
𝝎𝟐
1
𝑚𝑣
ℎ2 = ℎ1 + ℎ𝑣
𝑚𝑎
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
sprayed. 1-X
X
𝑅𝑆𝐻
𝑡𝑠1 𝑡𝑠2
𝑡𝐴𝐷𝑃 𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑖
𝑅𝑆𝐻
Heat
𝑅𝑆𝐻𝐹balance
=
𝑅𝑆𝐻Equations:
=
+ 𝑅𝐿𝐻 𝑅𝑇𝐻
𝑅𝑆𝐻 = 𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚 𝑎 𝐶 𝑝 𝑡𝑖 − 𝑡𝑠 = 0.0204(𝑐𝑚𝑚)𝑠(𝑡𝑖 − 𝑡 𝑠 )
𝑄 = (𝑚 𝑎 𝑖 ℎ𝑖 + 𝑚 𝑎 0 ℎ0) − 𝑚 𝑎 𝑠 ℎ 2 1
𝑄 = (𝑚 𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑚 𝑎 0 ) ℎ𝑖 + 𝑚 𝑎 0 ℎ0 − 𝑚 𝑎 𝑠 ℎ 2 𝑚𝑎𝑖
𝑖
𝑆, 𝑠,
𝑄 = 𝑚 𝑎 𝑠 ( ℎ𝑖 − ℎ2) + 𝑚 𝑎 0 (ℎ0 − ℎ 𝑖 ) 2
It will be seen that the effect of the bypass factor is to lower the ADP of the surface,
and hence to decrease the coefficient of performance of the refrigerating machine.
𝑅𝑆𝐻𝐹 = 0.756
𝟏
𝒊
𝟐,s
𝑺
𝑅𝑇𝐻 410
𝑚𝑎 𝑠 =
ℎ𝑖− ℎ 𝑠 = 50.5 − 41.2 = 44.1 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
3
𝑉𝑠= 𝑚 𝑎 𝑠 𝑣𝑠 = (44.1)(0.836) = 36.86 𝑚 /𝑠
𝑉0 = 𝑚 𝑎 𝑣0 = (4.41)(0.91) = 4.0 𝑚 3 /𝑠
0
3. State and volume flow rate of air entering the cooling coil
𝑉1 = 𝑚 𝑎 𝑣1 = (44.1)(0.865) = 38.14 𝑚 3 /𝑠
𝑠
ADP = 9ºC (Obtained by intersecting the 1-2 line with saturated curve)
𝑡2 − 𝑡𝐴𝐷𝑃 18 − 9
𝐵𝑃𝐹 = = = 0.52
26.3 − 9
𝑡1 − 𝑡𝐴𝐷𝑃
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 28
Psychrometry
Outside Inside Coil Inlet Supply ADP
(0) (i) (1) (s or (S)
2)
DBTºC 38 25 26.3 18 9
WBTºC
DPTºC 16
RH % 50 50 100
S.H
Enthalpy 92 50.5 56 41.2
S. Volume 0.91 0.865 0.836
𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑅𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠
3
𝑖
𝜔↑
1
𝑃𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 2
0
𝑡→
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 31
Psychrometry
Winter Air Conditioning System
Example: In an industrial application for winter air conditioning, an air washer is
used with heated water spray followed by a reheater. The room sensible heat factor
may be taken as unity. The design conditions are:
Outside air: 0º DBT and dry.
Inside: 22º DBT and 50% RH
Room heat loss: 703 kW
The following quantities are known from the summer
design. Ventilation air = 𝑉𝑜= 1600 𝑐𝑚𝑚.
Supply air = 𝑉𝑠= 2800 𝑐𝑚𝑚.
Spray water quantity = 𝑚 𝑤 1 = 500 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛.
The air washer saturation efficiency is 90%. The make-up water is available at 20ºC.
Calculate:
1. The supply air condition to space.
2. The entering and leaving air conditions at the spray chamber.
3. The entering and leaving spray water temperature.
4. The heat added to the spray water.
5. The reheat, if necessary.
𝑺
𝟖. 𝟖
𝟐 𝒊 𝟖. 𝟐 𝒔
𝟒. 𝟖º
𝟑. 𝟓
𝟏
𝟎
9.4
34.2º
𝑡𝑠 = 34.2º
Since RSHF=1, from psychrometric chart, the supply WBT is 19.6ºC, and
specific humidity 𝜔𝑠 is 8.2 kg/kgd.a.
𝜔2 = 𝜔𝑠 = 𝜔 𝑖 = 8.2 𝑔
𝑘𝑔𝑑. 𝑎
8.2 − 3.53
0.9 = 𝑆 − 3.53
𝜔
Specific humidity at the wetted-surface
𝜔𝑆 = 8.73 𝑔 𝑤. 𝑣
𝑘𝑔𝑑. 𝑎
𝑡𝑆 = &11.8ºC
Refrigeration Air Conditioning 35
Psychrometry
Winter Air Conditioning
Solutions: System
DBT of leaving air
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 𝑡2 −
9.43
𝐻 ƞ = =
𝑡𝑆 − 𝑡1 11.8 − 9.43
𝑡2 = 11.6ºC
𝑡′2 = 11.5ºC
3. The entering and leaving spray water temperature.
The temperature of the leaving spray water and the wet bulb temperature of the
leaving air may be taken to be the same. Hence the leaving spray water temperature
(This will be the case once equilibrium is being reached, observe adiabatic
saturation and wet bulb temperature topic previously covered, week9a)
𝑡′2 = 𝑡 𝑤 4 = 11.5ºC
𝑚 𝑎 ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 𝑚 𝑤 𝐶 𝑝 𝑤 𝑡 𝑤 3 − 𝑡 𝑤 4 + 𝑚 𝑎 𝜔2 − 𝜔1 𝐶 𝑝 𝑤 𝑡 𝑤 4
2800 2800
33 − 18.2 = (500)(4.187) 𝑡 𝑤 3 − 11.5 0.0082 − 0.0035 (4.187)(11.5)
0.88 +
0.88
𝑡 𝑤 3 − 11.5 = 22.15
𝑡 𝑤 3 = 33.7º𝐶 1 2
Air In, 𝑚 𝑎 Air Out, 𝑚 𝑎
4
𝑚 𝑤 − 𝑚 𝑎 (𝜔 2 − 𝜔 1)
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 37
Psychrometry
Winter Air Conditioning
System
𝑄1 = 0.2492 = 14.3 𝑘𝑊
4.187
Amount of heat to raise temperature of spray water
33.7 − 20
𝑄 = 500
2 4.187 33.7 − 11.5
60
= 774.5 𝑘𝑊