‘FOURIER

SERIES’
&
‘ITS APPLICATION’

Prepared by
HIMANSHU
RANJAN
B.TECH –(NA$OE)
 * CONTENTS *
 FOURIER SERIES.
APPLICATION OF FOURIER SERIES
 JOSEPH FOURIER

(Founder of Fourier series)

PLA
Y
 As we know that TAYLOR SERIES representation of functions are
valid only for those functions which are continuous and differentiable.
But there are many discontinuous periodic function which requires to
express in terms of an infinite series containing ‘sine’ and ‘cosine’ terms.

FOURIER SERIES, which is an infinite series representation of such

functions in terms of ‘sine’ and ‘cosine’ terms, is useful here.
Thus, FOURIER SERIES, are in certain sense, more UNIVERSAL than
TAYLOR’s SERIES as it applies to all continuous, periodic functions
and also to the functions which are discontinuous in their values and
derivatives. FOURIER SERIES a very powerful method to solve
ordinary and partial differential equation, particularly with periodic
functions appearing as non-homogenous terms.
FOURIER SERIES can be generally written as,

Where,
……… (1.1)

……… (1.2)

……… (1.3)

Fourier series make use of the orthogonality relationships of the

sine and cosine functions.
 BASIS FORMULAE OF FOURIER
SERIES
The Fourier series of a periodic function ƒ(x) with period 2п is
defined as the trigonometric series with the coefficient a0, an and bn,
known as FOURIER COEFFICIENTS, determined by formulae
(1.1), (1.2) and (1.3).

The individual terms in Fourier Series are known as

HARMONICS.

Every function ƒ(x) of period 2п satisfying following conditions

known as DIRICHLET’S CONDITIONS, can be expressed in the
form of Fourier series.
CONDITIONS :-
1. ƒ(x) is bounded and single value.
( A function ƒ(x) is called single valued if each point
in the domain, it has unique value in the range.)
•ƒ(x) has at most, a finite no. of maxima and minima in
the interval.
•ƒ(x) has at most, a finite no. of discontinuities in the
interval.

EXAMPLE:
sin-1x, we can say that the function sin-1x cant be expressed as
Fourier series as it is not a single valued function.

tanx, also in the interval (0,2п) cannot be expressed as a

Fourier Series because it is infinite at x= п/2.
 Fourier series for EVEN and ODD functions

EVEN FUNCTIONS
EVEN FUNCTIONS

If function ƒ(x) is an even periodic function with the period

2L (–L ≤ x ≤ L), then ƒ(x)cos(nпx/L) is even while ƒ(x)sin(nпx/L)
is odd.
Thus the Fourier series expansion of an even periodic
function ƒ(x) with period 2L (–L ≤ x ≤ L) is given by,

a0  a 
cos
nx
f ( x)  n
2 n1 L

2 L
Where, a0   f ( x)dx
L 0

2 L nx
an  0 f (x) cos dx n
L L 1,2,
bn  0
 ODD FUNCTIONS

If function ƒ(x) is an even periodic function with the

period
2L (–L ≤ x ≤ L), then ƒ(x)cos(nпx/L) is even while
ƒ(x)sin(nпx/L) is odd.

Thus the Fourier series expansion of an odd periodic function

ƒ(x) with period 2L (–L ≤ x ≤ L) is given by,

nx
f ( x)  n1b n
sin( L)

Where, 2 L n x
bn  0 f (x) sin dx n  1,2,
L L
 Examples..

Question.: Find the fourier series of f(x) = x2+x , - ≤ x

≤.

Solution.: The fourier series of ƒ(x) is given by,

Using above,

a0
 1  f ( x)dx


 1  ( x
2
 x)dx
 
 1  x3 
 x 2

 3 2 
  1   3  2 3
  2  3   
2   a0
 3 2 3 2  3

Now
, 
1
an   f (x) cosnxdx
 
1
   x) cosnxdx
(x 2




 1  (x 2  x)sin nx   (2x 1) nxsoc 
 (2)  sin nx 
 n       
2
n n 3 
1  cosn cosn 
 (2 1)  (2 1) 
  n2 n2

1 (1) n (1) n 
 (2 1)  (2 1)

  n2 n2

4(1)n

n2
Now
bn
 1  f (x) sin
, 
nxdx
1 
   x) sin nxdx
(x 2



c osnx 
 1 (x2  x)  s in nx  (2) c osnx 
 (2x 1)    
 
 n    
  2 3
 n n
 (  2
n ( 
2
n
   (1)  (1 
1 )n )n 
  )
n


(1)   2     2 
 n


n
2(1) 
n
Hence fourier series of, f(x) = x2+x,

 

2(1)n

2
x x 2  4(1)
2 cosnx  sin
n
nx 
3 n1  n n 
APPLICATIONS
OF FOURIER SERIES

Used in elec
engineering,vibration
analysis,optics,singal
processing,image
processing,quantum
mechanics.
PULSE CODE MODULATION
(PCM)-is the most common type of
digital audio recording, used to make
compact disc.
In PCM recording hardware, a
microphone converts sound wave into a
varing voltage .Then analog to digital
converter samples the voltage at
regular interval of time.
!!!…THE END…!!!
THANK YOU AND HAVE A NICE