What is the meaning of crops?

Crop

• When plants of same kind are

grown and cultivated at one place
on a large scale, it is called a crop.
What is the meaning of crop
production( agronomy) ?
Crop production(Agronomy) as a science
• Agronomy is the branch of agriculture
that treats of the principals and practice of
crop production and field management, the
terms was derived from two Greek words,
agro (field) and nomus (to manage)
https://www.ars.usda.gov/northeast-area/up-pa/pswmru/docs/integrated-farm-system-model/
LO1: Prepare materials, tools and
equipment for horticultural production work

 Identify the required materials,

tools and equipment
The availability of farm tools, implements,
and simple equipment is one of the important
factors needed to make farm work easier,
better, and faster. These make tools,
implements, and equipment play a very
important role in successful agricultural crop
production operations.
HAND TOOLS:
Usually light and are used
without the help of animals or
machines.
Digging tools
Crowbar (bareta) is used for
digging big holes and for digging
out big stones tree and stumps.
Digging tools
Pick-mattock (mattock) is used for
digging canals, breaking hard topsoil
(flattened blade), and digging up stones
and tree stumps (pointed portion).
Digging tools
Grub-hoe (asarol) is used for
breaking hard topsoil and pulverizing
soil.
Digging tools
Spade is used for removing trash or
soil, digging canals or ditches, and
mixing soil media.
Digging tools
Shovel (pala) is used in removing
trash, digging loose soil, moving soil
from one place to another, and for
mixing soil media.
Digging tools
Spading fork (tinidor) is used for
loosening the soil, digging out root
crops, and turning over the materials
in a compost heap.
Cutting tools
Bolo (itak) is used for cutting
weeds, bamboo poles and pegs use
for construction and trellis.
Cutting tools
Pruning shears are used for
cutting branches of planting
materials and unnecessary or
unproductive branches of plants.
Cutting tools
Axe is used for cutting trunks or
branches of trees and bigger posts.
Cutting tools
Pruning Knife is used for cutting
planting materials, harvesting, and
used in performing other
operations in crop production.
Cultivating tools
Light hoe is used for loosening,
leveling, and digging out furrows for
planting.
Cultivating tools
Hand trowel is used for loosening or
cultivating the soil around the growing
plants and putting a small amount of
manure and compost in the soil.
Cultivating tools
Hand cultivator (pangbakulkul) is
used for cultivating the garden plot
by loosening the soil and removing
weeds growing around the plant.
Cultivating tools
Rake (kalaykay) is used for
cleaning the ground and leveling the
topsoil.
 Harvesting tools
Harvesting knives/
scissors/pruning shears are used for
harvesting vegetables crops.
 Harvesting tools
Scythe is used for harvesting rice
and for cutting grasses for animal
feeds.
 Harvesting tools
Bolo (itak) is used for harvesting
bananas, sugarcane, and other crops.
 Carpentry tools
Hammer is used to draw and
remove nails and to drive nails into
wood.
 Carpentry tools
Cross cut saw is used to cut wood
when doing some repair of tools,
constructing compost piles and fixing
vicinity fence.
 Carpentry tools
Pliers are used in repairs of tools and
other carpentry works.
 Carpentry tools
Screw drivers are used tighten and
loosen knots and bolts.
 Carpentry tools
Chisel is used smoothen wooden
handle of garden tools and
implements.
 Measuring tools
Weighing balance is used for
weighing Harvests and fertilizers.
 Measuring tools
Meter stick is used for measuring
garden plots and heights of plants.
 Measuring tools
Steel tape/Push Pule Rule is used
for measuring distance of planting in
lay outing of an area.
 Measuring tools
Foot rule is used for measuring the
height of seedlings.
 Other materials
Knapsack sprayer is
used for applying
insecticides,
herbicides, and foliar
fertilizers.
 Other materials
Trigger sprayer is
used in applying
insecticides/fungicide
s in seed boxes, seed
trays and seed beds.
 Other materials
Sprinklers are used
for watering
seedlings and other
plants, such as
vegetables and
ornamentals.
 Other materials
Wheel barrow is
used for hauling and
transporting growing
media, fertilizers,
and farm supplies.
 Other materials
Crates are used for
carrying harvests
(fruits, vegetables,
and cut flowers)
from the point of
production to the
market.
 Other materials
Seed trays are containers used for
raising or growing seedlings.
 Other materials
Seed boxes are containers used in
growing vegetable seedlings.
 FARM IMPLEMENTS
Farm implements are accessories pulled
by draft animals or mounted to
machineries that are usually used in land
preparation. They are usually made of an
iron or other metals.
FARM IMPLEMENTS- PLOWS
They refer to farm implements used in land
preparation for agricultural crop production.
They are either pulled by a draft animal or a
tractor. The plow is specifically used for
tilling wide areas, making furrows, and for
inter- row cultivation.
NATIVE PLOW
DISC PLOW
FARM IMPLEMENTS-
HARROWS
The native wooden harrow is made up of
wood with metal teeth and
pulled by draft animals while disc harrow is
made up of metal mounted to a tractor.
Harrows are used for pulverizing the soil.
NATIVE WOODEN
DISC HARROW
FARM IMPLEMENTS- ROTAVATOR
The rotavator is an implement mounted to a
tractor also used for pulverizing the soil.
 FARM EQUIPMENT
Farm equipment is machineries used
in land preparation and in transporting
farm inputs and products. To use these
machineries, a highly skilled operator
is needed to perform the task.
 FARM EQUIPMENT
HAND TRACTOR
It is used to pull a
plow and harrow
in preparing the
field for planting.
 FARM EQUIPMENT
FOUR WHEEL TRACTOR
It is used to pull
a disc plow and a
disc harrow in
preparing a much
wider area of
land.
 FARM EQUIPMENT
WATER PUMP
It is used to draw
water from a
source for use in
irrigating the
field.
 Check farm tools, materials and equipment for faults and defects
based on manufacturer’s lists and pre-operating procedures
Inventory of Farm Tools, Implements
and Simple Equipment

An inventory is initially prepared to

check the items that are present,
available for use, operational, and
adequate for the training activities.
An inventory should be done at the
beginning of the school year to provide a
list of the existing tools, implements, and
equipment.
It is important because you will find out
how many are serviceable and need
repair.
As a result, accidents can be prevented
because damaged tools will be brought
to the farm shop for repair.
Students must be aware of their
responsibilities as borrowers. They
should replace lost and repair damaged
tools.
Likewise, a yearend inventory is
essential to ensure that the tools,
implements, and equipment are
still complete and in good
condition, ready for use in the next
school year.
Dressed in your working clothes and
armed with your personal protective
equipment (PPE), proceed to the shop
to retrieve your tools so that you can
start clearing away the last remnants of
the summer and begin breaking the
soil for a new year.
Imagine your frustration when you see
that the tools covered with rust and dirt
from the last vacation.
It seems that on this nice day, you will
be spending more time cleaning and
repairing tools than actually using them.
Preventive Maintenance
An activity or operation done to
prevent malfunction of tools and
equipment and it is done to prolong
the useful life of tools and equipment.
Farmers and agricultural worker
must be aware of the hazards
associated with farm equipment.
By Observing safety procedures,
workers can avoid being injured.
 GENERAL EQUIPMENT
SAFETY
Keeping equipment in good working
conditions is half the formula for being
safe. The other half is the ability and
awareness of the person operating the
equipment.
Good Working Equipment +

Able and Aware Operator =

SAFE
 Select and check the suitable personal protective
equipment (PPE), as required by the job
Some tasks on the farm contain
hazards that must be done wearing
personal protective clothing and/or
specialized safety equipment if
workers are to be safe.
Itis common with hazardous tasks
involving agricultural chemicals or
pesticides for the worker to use
protective clothing and equipment
due to the hazardous nature of the
materials.
However, other tasks may
present a degree of risk that can
be minimized by using some type
of protective clothing and
equipment.
Outdoor work and work inside
many agricultural buildings may
expose workers' eyes, lungs and
skin to a potentially hostile
environment and work-related
health problems.
- Eyes may be irritated by dust,
sawdust, animal dander, or
ammonia and other fumes and
gases. Tiny particles of mold
spores or toxic gases can get into
your lungs, nose and throat.
- Skin irritations may result from
handling various animals or plant
materials. Also, cuts or open-skin sores
may become infected from contact with
air-borne contaminants, soil, animals or
animal waste. Wearing long pants and a
long-sleeved shirt can help protect the
body.
- Excessive exposure to the
sun can also cause problems
for farmers

- Hearing loss is a common problem
among farmers and farm workers.
Since most farm equipment cannot be
operated in a sound-proof enclosure
workers should use hearing protection
when operating or working in the
vicinity of noisy machinery.
Personal Protective Equipment

Eyes are best
protected from
splashing chemicals or
foreign materials by
wearing goggles. Eye
shields on safety glasses
may be sufficient in
some instances.
 Personal Protective Equipment

Face shields work well
when handling certain
chemicals, grinding or
when working in
situations where full face
protection is needed to
prevent particles from
being splashed or flung
into the face.
 Personal Protective Equipment
Respiratory hazards
are generally
avoidable by wearing
a dust mask designed
to filter the particulate
before it reaches your
respiratory system.
 Take Note!!!
- Disposable dust masks worn when
cleaning empty grain bins, dusty feed rooms,
etc. should be capable of filtering out
particles as small as 7 microns to filter out
pollen and plant spores and .1 micron to
filter bacteria.
 Take Note!!!
- Read information on the dust mask (or
included on or in the package) before you
buy to be sure you get the correct mask for
the exposure(s) you expect to encounter.
 Take Note!!!
- Never wear a dust mask into an area such
as a manure pit or a silo where adequate
oxygen is not available. In these areas a self-
contained breathing apparatus (SCBA),
similar to those worn by a firefighter, is
needed to provide the worker with adequate
oxygen.
 Examples of farm-related respiratory hazards
from breathing contaminated air are:
 hardening and inelasticity of areas of the lungs that
reduces their ability to absorb oxygen,
 symptoms of hay fever and asthma may develop,
 Farmer's Lung, or
 Bird-Breeder's Lung (resulting from breathing dust
from turkey or chicken droppings).
 Personal Protective Equipment
Earmuffs and plugs are
available to provide
hearing protection for
most situations. A modern
tractor cab with a noise
reduction rating will
provide adequate hearing
protection for most
situations.
Personal Protective Equipment
Skin cancer risks can
be reduced by
wearing a full-
brimmed hat, a long
sleeved shirt, and by
applying sunscreen to
exposed areas.
 Personal Protective Equipment
Wear gloves when
appropriate to protect the
hands. Keep open
wounds, cuts and
scratches bandaged when
necessary to protect
against exposure to dirt or
bacteria that can infect the
wound.
 Provide the work support in accordance with
OHS requirements and the workplace information
 Tips for Health Care
 Use personal protective equipment (PPE)
like wearing of gloves, mask, and gown.
 Dispose of used PPE safely to reduce the
problem of disease.
 Follow ways to control hazards like
learning the right way to lift heavy objects
and discover ways to manage stress.
 Definition of Terms
Safety - the physical or environmental
conditions of work which comply with the
prescribed Occupational Health Safety
(OHS) standards and which allow the
workers to perform their job without or
within acceptable exposure to hazards.
 Definition of Terms
Occupational safety- the practices related
to production and work process.

Health-a sound state of the body and mind

of the worker that enables him or her to
perform the job normally.
 Definition of Terms
Sharpening- the process of thinning the
edge of the tools like knife, pruning shears,
hedge shears, etc. Cleaning- the act or
process of removing dirt from tools,
containers and farm facilities.
 Definition of Terms
Disinfection chemicals- refers to the
chemical used in cleaning which has the
ability to kill microorganisms especially
pathogens.
 Apply appropriate safety measures
while working in farm
 Agricultural crop production deal with a lot of
activities to be done in the different workplace.
While performing these activities we expose
ourselves to a lot of risk.
 Workplace hazard is a major cause of accident,
injury, or harm to a worker who performs such
task. These hazards should be the major concern of
all who are involved in a certain job or work.
It is important to distinguish hazard, risk and
exposure when undertaking risk management.
 Hazard is the potential for harm, or adverse effect on an
employee‘s health. Anything which may cause injury or ill
health to anyone at or near a workplace is a hazard.
 Risk is the likelihood that a hazard will cause injury or ill
health to anyone at or near a workplace. The level of risk
increases with the severity of the hazard and the duration and
frequency of exposure.
 Exposure occurs when a person comes into contact with
a hazard.
 Classes of Hazard
Physical - includes floors, stairs, work
platforms, steps, ladders, fire, falling
objects, slippery surfaces, manual handling
(lifting, pushing, pulling), excessively loud
and prolonged noise, vibration, heat and
cold, radiation, poor lighting, ventilation, air
quality.
 Classes of Hazard
Mechanical and/or electrical - includes
electricity, machinery, equipment, pressure
vessels, dangerous goods, fork lifts, cranes,
hoists.
 Classes of Hazard
Chemical - includes chemical substances
such as acids or poisons and those that could
lead to fire or explosion, like pesticides,
herbicides, cleaning agents, dusts and fumes
from various processes such as welding.
 Classes of Hazard
Biological- includes bacteria, viruses,
mold, mildew, insects, vermin, and
animals.
 Classes of Hazard
Psychosocial environment - includes
workplace stressors arising from a
variety of sources.
Farm emergency procedures regarding
safety working environment
Identify the potential emergencies. The emergencies that may occur on
a crop production farm could include:
 Fire
 Flood
 Typhoon
 Machinery Entrapment
 Electrical Shock
 Snake/Spider Bites
 Chemical Exposures
 Injuries
 Farm Illness
 Farm Accidents
Farm emergency procedures regarding
safety working environment

 Provide emergency facilities appropriate for

the sorts of emergencies that might occur on
the farm (e.g. deluge showers, eye washes,
firefighting equipment, first aid kits).
Farm emergency procedures regarding
safety working environment

 Make sure that the correct equipment is

available to contain and handle any
chemical or other dangerous materials spills
that might happen.
Farm emergency procedures regarding
safety working environment

 To help minimize the risk of personal injury

or property damage in the event of an
emergency, people working on and visiting
the farm need to know and understand the
emergency procedures and their
responsibilities.
Farm emergency procedures regarding
safety working environment

 Instruct everyone working on the farm in

the emergency response procedures.
Farm emergency procedures regarding
safety working environment

 Everyone should know the location of fire

alarms, fire extinguishers and first aid kits;
how and where to contact emergency
services; and where to safely assemble in
the event of an emergency.
The following factors may increase risk of
injury or illness for farm workers:
1. Age – Injury rates are highest among children age
15 and under and adults over 65.
2. Equipment and Machinery – Most farm
accidents and fatalities involve machinery. Proper
machine guarding and doing equipment maintenance
according to manufacturers’ recommendations can
help prevent accidents.