Electrical Network Analysis

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 Textbook
Electric Circuits
9th edition Mc Graw Hill
James W Nilsson
Susan A Riedel

Fundamental of Electric Circuits

5th Edition Mc Graw Hill
Charles K. Alexander
Mathew N.O Sadiku
 Course Project 10 marks
There will be 4 assessments of course project 2.5 marks each

1st assessment will be in 4th week by showing schematics of

project

2nd assessment will be before midterm by showing

schematics of project in Multisim or any other simulator

3rd assessment will be in 12th week by showing project on

BREADBOARD

4th assessment will be before final exam by showing project

on VEROBOARD
Many things operate using Electricity.

How to make the electricity?

Faraday’s Law
Practical Electricity Generator

Turbine
Coil Placement
 3-phase system
L1

S
L2

L3

N
 Electric Outlet

L1 N

Alternating Current
GND
AC
 5V 800mA

Can this be used?

Why?
Need an AC – DC converter.

How does it look like?

No. 1

Input 220V AC 50Hz 0.1A

Output 24V DC 100mA

No
No. 2

Input 220V AC 50Hz

Output 15V DC 500mA

No
No. 3

Input 120~220V AC 50-60Hz

Output 5V DC 2A

Yes
 Electricity

Electricity is a result from the flow of electrons.

electricity

Note: Electricity flows in the opposite direction

of electron flow. = electron
Electric Current vs. Electron Current
-
- ++
= Atom Structure

- ++ - - ++
-

-
- ++ - ++
-

++
electricity
We cannot see electric current.

Which thing has similar property with electricity??

Water
 Metaphor
Electricity is similar to water flow.

Water flows from high level

to low level.
Electricity flows from
high voltage to low voltage.

High Low
Voltage Voltage
 Measurement of Electricity
Since we use electricity to do work for us, how
Can we measure its energy?

High Low
Voltage Voltage

• strong (fast, high kinetic energy) • Voltage

• amount of water • Current
Imagine the water power at the outlet
 Electric Potential
Which water drop has
more impact force at Potential Energy (Height)
the ground?
transform

Kinetic Energy (Velocity)

Electric potential can be compared

with the height of the water drop
from the reference ground
 Ground: Reference Point
Normally, we measure height compared to the sea level.

Also, electric potential at a point can be measured

compared to the electric potential at the ground.

Unit: Volt (V)

Electric potential,
or voltage has a
unit “volt”.

Ground always has 0 volts.

 Voltage
Voltage is a difference of electric potential
between 2 points

Unit: Volt

Compare to the height of 2

water drops
 Electric Current

Low current High current

 Electric Current Unit

Unit: Ampere, Amp (A)

Note: Both current and voltage have directions

 What is Circuit Analysis about?

To calculate voltage or current at some points

and some time in electric circuits

 Course Overview
DC (Direct current) AC (Alternating current)
Circuits
Constant voltage Voltage Voltage

Constant current Current Current

Time

Phasor
Rules: Techniques: Concept
Frequency
Ohm’s law Mesh Analysis
Kirchoff’s law Node Analysis
Superposition Transient Response
Thevenin/ Norton
 Components

• Electric sources
• Independent Sources – voltage, current
• Dependent Sources – voltage, current
• Resistors
• Measurement Devices
• Ammeters: measure current
• Voltmeters: measure voltage
• Ground – reference point
• Electric Wire
 Symbol
Independent Independent
Voltage Current
Source Source Resistor Ground

1Ω
1V 1A

Electric wire
 General Rules

• All points on a same electric wire have the same

voltage.

• A voltage source always have voltage difference

of its pins equal to its value.

• A current source always have current pass

through it equal to its value.

• Ground always has zero voltage. (0 volts)

 Electric Flow Rule
• Electric current flows from high voltage to low
voltage when there is a path.

• Electric current can freely pass through electric wire.

• Electric current can flow through a resistor with the

amount according to Ohm’s law.

• Electric current can flow through a voltage source

with the amount depended on other components in the
circuit.

• Electric current can flow pass a current source

according to its value.
Three Measurements
of Electricity

Voltage Volt (V)

Current Ampere (A)

Resistance Ohm (Ω)

Simple DC Circuit

Current

1V 1Ω
 Metaphor

Current

1V 1Ω

Increasing V is compared to ?
Increasing R is compared to ?
 Ohm’s Law
for using with a resistor only
V = IR

Voltage (Volts) =
current (Amperes) x resistance (Ohms)

2A

2Ω
x+4 volts x volts

Note: Electric wire has a resistance of 0 ohms

 Electric Current

1A

1V 1Ω 1A

1A

Every point in the circuit has current = 1A

Electric Voltage

x + 1 Volts

1V 1Ω

x Volts
 Ground
Ground = reference point always have voltage = 0 volts

1 Volts

1V 1Ω

0 Volts
 Electric Voltage (2)
1 Volts
0 Volts

1V 1Ω

0 Volts
 Electric Voltage (3)
1 Volts
1 Volts

1V 1Ω

0 Volts
1 Volts
Negative Voltage and Current

+ -

2 volts Same as -2 volts

- +

1A -1 A

Same as
 Power
Symbol P has a unit of Watt

P = VI

I
+

V Absorb power
-

I
-

V Generate power
+
Passive Sign Convention

Absorb power: Power has a sign +

Generate power: Power has a sign -

 Example
2.5mA

10V 4KΩ

DC source generates power = 10V * -2.5mA = - 25mW

Resistor absorbs power = 10V * 2.5mA = 25mW

Note: Resistors always absorb power but DC source can

either generate or absorb power
Direction of Voltage & Current on
Resistors

or
+ - - +

Resistor always absorb power.

Therefore, it always have current flow through it from
high voltage pin to low voltage pin.
TEXT BOOK IS VERY
IMPORTANT

Read it on regular basis