Transients Analysis

Solution to First Order Differential Equation

Consider the general Equation

dx(t)
 dt  x(t)  K s f (t)
Let the initial condition be x(t = 0) = x( 0 ), then we solve
the differential equation:

dx(t)
 dt  x(t)  K s f (t)
The complete solution consists of two parts:
• the homogeneous solution (natural solution)
• the particular solution (forced solution)
 The Natural Response
Consider the general Equation

 dx(t)
dt  x(t)  K s f (t)
Setting the excitation f (t) equal to
zero,
 dx N (t)  x N(t)  0 or dx N (t)

x N (t) dx N (t)
,  
dt
dt dt  x (t)
N
dx (t) 
dt x N (t)  
 x N (t)     ,
N
e t /

It is called the natural response.

 The Forced Response
Consider the general Equation

 dx(t)
dt  x(t)  K s f (t)
Setting the excitation f (t) equal to F, a constant for t 0

 dxFdt(t)  xF (t)  K S F
xF (t)  K S F for t  0

It is called the forced response.

 The Complete Response
Consider the general Equation Solve for ,
dx(t) for t  0
 dt  x(t)  K s f (t)
x(t  0)  x(0)   x()
The complete response is:   x(0)  x()
• the natural response +
• the forced response The Complete solution:

x  xN (t)  xF (t) x(t) [x(0)  x()]et /   x()

  et /   K S F
[x(0)  x()]e t /  called transient response
  et /   x()
x() called steady state response
WHAT IS TRANSIENT RESPONSE
Circuit with switched DC A general model of the
excitation transient analysis problem
In general, any circuit containing energy storage element
 (a) Circuit at t = 0
(b) Same circuit a long time after the switch is closed

The capacitor acts as open circuit for the steady state

condition (a long time after the switch is closed).
(a) Circuit for t = 0
(b) Same circuit a long time before the switch is opened

The inductor acts as short circuit for the steady state

condition (a long time after the switch is closed).
 Why there is a transient response?
• The voltage across a capacitor cannot be changed
instantaneously.

VC (0  )  VC (0  )

• The current across an inductor cannot be changed

instantaneously.

 
I L (0 )  I L (0 )
 Example

5-6
 Transients Analysis
1. Solve first-order RC or RL circuits.

2. Understand the concepts of transient response

and steady-state response.

3. Relate the transient response of first-

order circuits to the time constant.
 Transients
The solution of the differential equation
represents are response of the circuit. It is called
natural response.

The response must eventually die out,

and therefore referred to as transient response.
(source free response)
 Discharge of a Capacitance through a Resistance

ic iR iC  i R 
 i  0, 0
dvC t vC t
C  0
dt R
Solving the above equation
with the initial condition
Vc(0) = Vi
 Discharge of a Capacitance through a Resistance

dvC t vC t s  RC


C  0
dt R v1C t   Ke
t RC

dvC
RC dt  vC t  vC (0 ) 
t  0 V
i

v C t   st
 Ke 0 / RC

Ke st  Kt
RCKse  Kest  vC t  V RC
i
0 e
vC t  Vi et Exponential decay waveform
RC is called the time constant.
RC
At time constant, the voltage is
36.8% of the initial voltage.

vC t  Vi (1 et RC

)
Exponential rising waveform
RC is called the time constant.
At time constant, the voltage
is 63.2% of the initial voltage.
 RC CIRCUIT

t=0 i(t) t=0 i(t)

R + R +
+ +
V VC Vu(t) VC
_ C _ C
- -

Vu(t)
for t = 0 , i(t) = 0
-

u(t) is voltage-step function

 RC CIRCUIT
i R  iC

vu(t)  vC dvC
iR  , iC  C

dvC Rv  V , vu(t)  V for t

RC dt C

dt 0
Solving the differential equation
Vu(t)
 Complete Response

Complete response
= natural response + forced response
• Natural response (source free response) is due to the
initial condition
• Forced response is the due to the external excitation.
 5.18

a) Complete, transient and steady

state response
b) Complete, natural, and forced
responses of the circuit

5-8
 Circuit Analysis for RC Circuit
iR + VR - Apply KCL
iC
R
+
i R  iC
Vs C Vc
- vs  v R dvC
iR  , iC  C
R dt
1
dvC
dt  RC vR
1
RC vs

vs is the source applied.
 Solution to First Order Differential Equation
Consider the general Equation

dx(t)
 dt  x(t)  K s f (t)
Let the initial condition be x(t = 0) = x( 0 ), then we solve
the differential equation:

dx(t)
 dt  x(t)  K s f (t)
The complete solution consits of two parts:
• the homogeneous solution (natural solution)
• the particular solution (forced solution)
 The Natural Response
Consider the general Equation

 dx(t)
dt  x(t)  K s f (t)
Setting the excitation f (t) equal to
zero,
dxN (t) x N (t)
 dxNdt(t)  xN (t)  0 or dt   
xN (t)   et /

It is called the natural response.

 The Forced Response
Consider the general Equation

 dx(t)
dt  x(t)  K s f (t)
Setting the excitation f (t) equal to F, a constant for t 0

 dxFdt(t)  xF (t)  K S F
xF (t)  K S F for t  0

It is called the forced response.

 The Complete Response
Consider the general Equation Solve for ,
dx(t) for t  0
 dt  x(t)  K s f (t)
x(t  0)  x(0)   x()
The complete response is:   x(0)  x()
• the natural response +
• the forced response The Complete solution:

x  xN (t)  xF (t) x(t) [x(0)  x()]et /   x()

  et /   K S F t /  called transient response

[x(0) 
x()]e
  et /   x() x() called steady state response
 Example
iR + VR -
Initial condition Vc(0) = 0V
iC
100 k
ohms +
100V
0.01
Vc
-
iR  iC
microF

iR  vs  vC , C  C dvC
R i dt
dv
RC dtC  vC  vs

dv
105  0.01106 dtC  vC  100

3 dvC  v 
10 dt C
100
 iR + VR -
Example
iC
100 k
ohms +
Initial condition Vc(0) = 0V
100V Vc
0.01 -
microF
dv
103 dtC  vC 
dx(t) 100 
t
  x(t)  K s f (t)
dt vc  100  Ae 103

and As vc (0)  0, 0  100 

A
x  xN (t)  xF (t)
A  100  t
  et /   K S F 3
vc  100 100e 10
  et /  
x()
 Energy stored in capacitor
dv
p  vi  Cv dt

t dv
to pdt   to Cv dt dt  C tto vdv
t

 C
2
1
v(t) 2
 v(to )

2

If the zero-energy reference is selected at to, implying that the
capacitor voltage is also zero at that instant, then

1
wc (t)  2 Cv2
 RC CIRCUIT
Power dissipation in the resistor is:
pR = V2/R = (V o2 /R) e -2 t /RC
R C

Total energy turned into heat in the resistor

V 2   e2t / RC dt
o 0
WR  0 pR dt  R
1
 Vo2 R( )e 2t / RC |
0
2RC
1
 2 CV o2
 RL CIRCUITS
Initial condition
i(t = 0) = Io
i(t)
di
vR  vL  0  Ri  L
- +
L di
VR R L
V-
dt i
+ L
R dt 0
Solving the differential equation
 RL CIRCUITS
di R
 i0
i(t) dt L
i(t di t R
- +
di

i L
R
dt, )
Io i
 
o
 dt

VR R L R t L
V- L ln i |Io 
i
t |o
+
 L
R
Initial condition ln i  ln Io Lt
i(t = 0) = Io
i(t)  I o e Rt / L
 RL CIRCUIT
Power dissipation in the resistor is:
pR = i2R = Io2e-2Rt/LR
i(t)
Total energy turned into heat in the resistor
 
 Io2 R  e 2Rt /
- +
WR  p R dt  L
dt
0 0
VR R L 2Rt / L 
VL L |
+ -  I o2 R( )e 0
2R
1 2
 LI o
2
1 2
It is expected as the energy stored in the inductor is LI o
2
 i(t)
Vu(t)
+
_
Vu(t)
R
L
+
VL
-
RL CIRCUIT
di i(0 )  0, thus k   R lnV
L
Ri  
L dt V  L [ln(V  Ri)  lnV ] 
 dt t
V Ldi
 Ri R
Integrating both sides, V  Ri e Rt / or
V  L

V V
 L
ln(V  Ri)  t  i  e Rt / L , for t  0
k R R R
where L/R is the time constant
 DC STEADY STATE
The steps in determining the forced response for RL or RC
circuits with dc sources are:
1. Replace capacitances with open circuits.
2. Replace inductances with short circuits.
3. Solve the remaining circuit.