India & Its Relations With Neighbouring Nations

INDIA & ITS RELATIONS WITH
NEIGHBOURING NATIONS
By: B. S. Narayan
For T.I.M.E : Kolkata
BASIC FEATURES OF INDIA’S NEIGHBORLY RELATIONS
• India advocates the policy of constructive

engagement and co-operation.
• India adheres to its benign and noble policy of non-
interference.
• Foreign policy in India based upon National
consensus.
• Despite strong Economic, military and International
influence doesn’t display ‘ Big Brother” attitude.
• Adheres to International Law and Agreements.
• Believes in Peaceful Co-Existence.
India’s Neighbors : BANGLADESH
• Bangladesh (officially called People's Republic of Bangladesh) is
a country in South Asia surrounded on all three sides by
frontiers of India on East, North and West , leaving only
Southern frontier with Bay of Bengal.
• Majority Muslim inhabited, though officially a Secular, is
populated by a strong Islamic conservative radicals.
Government Secular, but people far from being such.
• Sharing a long, porous and mostly unguarded International
Border of 4,516 Kms. called Redcliff Line.
• Poses a high risk illegal intrusion of People endangering the
Security of India owing to high Islamic radicalization, and close
Linguistic identity with West Bengal, Tripura and Southern
Assam, which makes distinguishing , identifying and deporting
the illegal Bangladeshis a herculean task.
India’s Neighbors : BANGLADESH
• Bangladesh and India share a common tradition.
• They are pleasant and both nations make great efforts to solve the
problem of waters of Ganga at Farakka. Sharing of Ganga Water is still
unsolved owing to the opposition of Government of West Bengal. This
has remained a thaw in Indo-Bangladesh relations.
• Problem of Enclaves and Corridor in mutual territories solved on 07th
May 2015 by an agreement signed by The prime ministers of India and
Bangladesh by which India received 51 Bangladeshi enclaves (covering
7,110 acres (2,880 hct)) in the Indian mainland, while Bangladesh
received 111 Indian enclaves (covering 17,160 acres (6,940 ha)) in the
Bangladeshi mainland.
• But major issues in relation with these two nation is that of about
145,000 Chakma refugees who crossed over to India in to Tripura.
Deportation of Chakmas has not yet been solved.
• Indo-Bangladesh relations fluctuate depending on which Party is in
power in Bangladesh. It is low when BNP in power and High when
Awami League in power.
India’s Neighbors: BANGLADESH
• Passage for Pak Sponsored Terrorism. Religious, cultural,

Linguistic identity of people in West Bengal, Tripura and
Assam plains with Bangladeshis makes it impossible to
detect terrorists slipping into neighboring States.
Bangladeshis are arms and funds supply channels to Islamist
Terrorists in India. Many Indo-Bangla Border villages and
Towns have become shelter houses, Crude Bomb making
hubs, Centres of Islamic radicalization in long porous border
with Bengal districts. Vote Bank politics of Bangla political
parties makes it impossible to deport the suspects.
Bangladesh refuses to accept such terror couriers as their
citizens and the ruling parties in West Bengal too as such.
• Bangladeshis depend upon India for advanced medical
facilities, higher education, supply of essentials like
machinery, pharmaceuticals, Fertilisers & Chemicals,
Rice. India depends upon Bangladesh for marine and
aqua products like Prawn, Handlooms.
• According to the Commerce Ministry, exports to
Bangladesh touched $6.8 billion in the fiscal year ending
March 2017, recording 13 per cent growth. Total
bilateral trade had hit an all-time high of $7.5 billion, up
11 per cent.
• Bangladesh is the ninth largest importer of Indian goods.
• Indo-Bangla Communication and Transport
facilities: A new passenger train between West
Bengal and Bangladesh, Khulna-Kolkata Bandhan
Express, was flagged .The train will connect Kolkata
to Khulna in Bangladesh. This will be the second
train to run between the two countries after
Maitree Express that runs between Dhaka and
Kolkata.
• The Maitree Express between Dhaka and Kolkata,
which has been running since 2008, is popular. It
runs six days a week from each side, covering a
distance of 375 kilometers in 11 hours. There are
two stops for immigration checking; one is Gede in
India and the other is Dorshona in Bangladesh.
• Two new bridges have been built on the Bhairab and the
Titas rivers to provide an "end-to-end" immigration
facility to ease Dhaka-Kolkata Maitree train services built
at a cost of around $100 million as trusted partners in
development.
• There is also a proposal from Bangladesh side to launch a
train to connect Rajshahi in Bangladesh and Kolkata.
• In a major boost to connectivity between India and
Bangladesh, two bus services between
• Kolkata-Dhaka-Agartala and Dhaka-Shillong-Guwahati to
link West Bengal to three North Eastern states of India :
Tripura, Assam and Meghalaya via Bangaldeshi capital:
Dhaka.
INDIA’s Neighbors: BANGLADESH
• Both India and Bangladesh are members of
SAARC and BIMSTEC.
• India needs Bangladesh support to eliminate
Terrorism corridor facilities.
• India needs Bangladesh co-operation in
arresting inter-state smuggling and
infiltration.
• Deportation and prosecution of terrorists.
• Promotion of Cultural, Social and Trade ties.
India’s Neighbors: AFGHANISTAN
• India’s relations with Afghanistan are healthy and there is
co-operation in economic, technical and cultural fields.
• India applauded the UN-sponsored Geneva Agreement on
Afghanistan in 1988.
• India recapped its stand for an independent, non-aligned
Afghanistan.
• Country realized that the Afghans themselves should be
allowed to decide upon their future without external
pressure.
• To maintain friendly relations, India provided Rs.10 crore
assistance for relief and rehabilitation of Afghan refugees.
• India is also supporting Afghanistan in public health, small-
scale industries, and education. Bilateral relations between
India and Afghanistan have been customarily strong and
pleasant.
• Afghanistan and India are members of SAARC and
TAPI Pipe-line ( Trans-Afghan Pipe Line) spanning
through Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan and
India ).
• Create a diplomatic and strategic check on Pakistan
and Afghani-Taliban intrusion into Kashmir.
• To create an effective Balance of power in South
Asia.
• To develop a corridor of Economic co-operation
with Central asian Nations.
• India is the major regional investor in Afghanistan, having committed
more than US$2.2 billion for rebuilding purposes.
• humanitarian Assistance:
• Daily supply of 100 grams of fortified, high-protein biscuits to nearly 2
million children under a School Feeding Programme administered
through the World Food Programme.
• Gift of 250,000 metric tonnes of wheat, announced in January 2009 to
help Afghanistan tide over its current food crisis, to be shipped
immediately, subject to transit and transportation arrangements being
finalised.
• Free medical consultation and medicines through 5 Indian Medical
Missions to over 30,000 Afghans monthly.  Reconstruction of Indira
Gandhi Institute of Child Health in Kabul.
• Gifting of vehicles (400 buses and 200 mini-buses for mass urban
transportation, 105 utility vehicles for municipalities, 285 military
vehicles for the Afghan National Army, and 10 ambulances for public
hospitals in five cities).  Five toilet-cum-public sanitation complexes in
Kabul.
Major Infrastructure Projects:
• Construction of 218 km road from Zaranj to Delaram to facilitate
movement of goods and services from Afghanistan to the Iranian
border and, onward, to the Chahbahar Port (completed).
• Construction of 220kV DC transmission line from Pul-e-Khumri to
Kabul and a 220/110/20 kV sub-station at Chimtala to bring additional
power from the northern grid to Kabul (completion by April 2009).
• Construction and commissioning of Salma Dam power project (42
MW) in Herat province (completion by 2011).
• Construction of the Afghan Parliament (completion by 2011).
• Restoration of telecommunication infrastructure in 11 provinces
(completed).
• Expansion of national TV network by providing an uplink from Kabul
and downlinks in all 34 provincial capitals for promoting greater
integration of the country (completed).
• Small and Community-based Development Projects These
are in vulnerable border areas, with focus on local
ownership and management and extend to agriculture, rural
development, education, health, vocational training, and
solar energy. These have a direct, immediate and visible
impact on community life.
• 84 small projects are under different stages of
implementation in 19 provinces of Afghanistan. Education
and capacity development .
• Reconstruction of Habibia School, Kabul.
• 500 annual long-term university scholarships. Construction
of the Zaranj-Delaram Highway sponsored by the Indian
Council for Cultural Relations.
• Relations for under-graduate and postgraduate studies for Afghan
students in India. 
• 500 annual short-term ITEC training programmes for Afghan public
servants in Indian technical and professional institutions of their choice.
• Deputation of 20 Indian civil servants as coaches and mentors under
Capacity for Afghan Public Administration (CAP) programme supported
by UNDP and the Governments of Afghanistan and India.
• India–Afghanistan Vocational Training Centre for training Afghan youth
in carpentry, plumbing, welding, masonry and tailoring executed by the
Confederation of Indian Industries.
• Women’s Vocational Training Centre in Baghe-Zanana for training of
Afghan women (warwidows and orphans) in garment making, nursery
plantation, food processing and marketing, executed by the well-known
Indian NGO SEWA (Self-Employed Women’s Association).
• Capacity building programmes are also underway in the fields of
diplomacy, media and information, civil aviation, agricultural research
and education, health care and medicinal science, tourism, education,
rural development, public administration, electoral management.
Zaranj-Delaram Highway: A New Gateway
• This 218 kms long highway provides connectivity to
the very end of South-western Afghanistan and Iran
by linking Zaranj to the Kandahar-Herat highway.
• It will also further regional cooperation by
encouraging new trade and transit through the
Iranian port of Chahbahar and provides a
supplementary and shorter access of Afghanistan to
the sea.
• In addition to the highway, the India also built 58
kilometres of inner-city roads
Power and Transmission
• Construction of 220 KV Double Circuit Transmission Line (202 Km) from Pul-e-
Khumri to Kabul and 220/110/ 20 KV Sub-station at Chimtala near Kabul (two 160
MVA transformers and three 40 MVA transformers) began in 2005.
•  The transmission line is already in use, since 21st January 2009, and the sub-
station will be fully commissioned by April 2009, before Afghanistan gets
additional 220 KV electricity supply from Uzbekistan. The transmission line
passes over the Salang Range at a height of 4000 mts.
•  In January 2009, India committed to construct an additional sub-station for
local electricity distribution at Charikar, for which the design and tendering work
has been completed. Salma Dam Power Project
•  India has begun construction of the Salma Dam Power Project on river Hari Rud
(162 Km east of Herat town) in Herat Province in 2004. This will be commissioned
by 2011. Power and Transmission Construction work at the Salma Dam.
•  The project envisages generation of 42 MW electricity, besides adding an
irrigation potential of 40,000 hectares and stabilising supply to the existing
35,000 hectares irrigated by the Hari Rud. other Projects  In 2007, India supplied
equipment for a 125 Km transmission
Other Projects
•In 2007, India supplied equipment for a 125 Km transmission

line from Andhkhoi to Maimana, three 110/20 KV sub-
stations at Maimana, Faizabad and Juma Bazar, and Four
20/0.4 KV pole-mounted sub-stations in Faryab province.
•Between 2003 and 2007, 50 deep tube wells were dug in
Badgis, Baghlan, Balkh, Faryab, Herat and Jawzjan provinces.
•India completed the rehabilitation of Amir Ghazi and
Quargha reservoirs in 2007.
•In addition, India carried out surveys and feasibility studies
for rehabilitation of micro-hydro power projects and supplied
solar power panels in several provinces, including for the
Teacher’s Training Centre, Shignan, Badakhshan.
The Salma Dam
• Is a 550 metres long, 107 metres high-earth and
rock-filled dam.
• Has 514 million cubic metres live storage and 663
million cubic metres gross water storage
capacities.
• Involves a surface powerhouse, with three units
of 14 MW each.
• Includes 110 KV transmission line from Chisht-e-
Sharif to Herat, with 532 towers over a distance of
143 Kms
PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY
• Parliament Building As its contribution to the establishment of
democratic institutions in Afghanistan, India committed to construct the
new Parliament building in Kabul.
• After finalisation of design work and architectural plans, construction
commenced in January 2009 and is expected to be finished in 2012.
• Parliamentary Exchanges and Training of Parliament Staffers The Indian
Parliament maintains an exchange of visits with the Wolesi and
Meshrano Jirgas.
• Officials of the National Assembly secretariat are trained in India’s
Bureau of Parliamentary Study & Training.
• Independent Election Commission Afghanistan’s Independent Election
Commission and India’s Election Commission members and officials
have regular exchanges, mutual visits for study and observation, and
training activities, based on a Memorandum of Understanding between
the two institutions. S
India’s Neighbors: CHINA (PRC)
• China–India relations, also called Sino-Indian
relations or Indo-China relations.
• The relationship has been friendly but there are some
border disputes and a very high economic competition
between the two countries.
• The modern relationship began in 1950 when India was
among the first countries to end formal ties with the
Republic of China (Taiwan) and recognize the PRC as the
legitimate government of Mainland China.
• Growth in diplomatic and economic influence has
increased the significance of their bilateral relationship.
• Cultural and economic relations between
China and India date back to ancient times.
• The Silk Road not only served as a major
trade route between India and China, but is
also credited for facilitating the spread of
Buddhism from India to East Asia.
• During World War II, India and China both
played a crucial role in halting the progress
of Imperial Japan.
• On 1 October 1949 the People’s Liberation Army defeated the
Kuomintang (Nationalist Party). On 15 August 1947, India became an
independent British dominion and became a federal, democratic
republic after its constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950.
• Jawaharlal Nehru based his vision of "resurgent Asia" on friendship
between the two largest states of Asia; his vision of an internationalist
foreign policy governed by the ethics of the Panchsheel (
Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence), which he initially believed was
shared by China.
• Nehru was disappointed when it became clear that the two countries
had a conflict of interest in Tibet, which had traditionally served as a
buffer zone, and where India believed it had inherited special privileges
from the British Raj.
• India established diplomatic relations with the PRC on 1 January 1950,
the second non-communist nation to do so.
• It is the popular perception that the catch phrase of India's diplomacy with
China in the 1950s was Hindi-Chini bhai-bhai(Indians and Chinese are
brothers) due to influence of V.K.Krisna Menon’s Communist influence and
his communist background and sympathy towards China.
• In 1954, India published new maps that included the Aksai Chin region
within the boundaries of India. When India discovered that China built a
road through the region, border clashes and Indian protests became more
frequent.
• In January 1959, PRC premier Zhou Enlai wrote to Nehru, pointing out that
no government in China had accepted as legal the McMahon Line.
• In March 1959, the Dalai Lama, spiritual and temporal head of the Tibetan
people, sought sanctuary in Dharmsala, Himachal Pradesh. Thousands of
Tibetan refugees settled in northwestern India. The PRC accused India of
expansionism and imperialism in Tibet and throughout the Himalayan
region.
• China claimed 104,000 km² of territory over which India's maps showed
clear sovereignty, and demanded "rectification" of the entire border.
•Sino-Indian War
•Border disputes resulted in a short border war between the People's Republic of China
and India on 20 October 1962. The border clash resulted in a defeat of India as the PRC
pushed the Indian forces to within forty-eight kilometres of the Assam plains in the
northeast and occupied strategic points in Ladakh., until the PRC declared a unilateral
cease-fire on 21 November and withdrew twenty kilometers behind its contended line of
control.
•At the time of Sino-Indian border conflict, the Communist Party of India sided with PRC.
•Relations between the PRC and India deteriorated.
•PRC refused to recognize the accession of Sikkim to India.
•PRC claims Arunachal Pradesh as its Sovereign Territory and accuses India as having
illegally occupying it.
•China built illegally all weather Roads in disputed Indo-Chinese territory, Aksai China and
Pak occupies territory of India.
•The PRC continued an active propaganda campaign against India and supplied ideological,
financial, and other assistance to dissident groups, especially to tribes in northeastern
India. The PRC accused India of assisting the Khampa rebels in Tibet.
• India and the PRC renewed efforts to improve relations after
Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's Congress party lost the
1977 elections.
• In 1978, the Indian Minister of External Affairs Atal Bihari
Vajpayee made a landmark visit to Beijing, and both
countries officially re-established diplomatic relations in
1979.
• The PRC modified its pro-Pakistan stand on Kashmir .
• Remained silent on India's absorption of Sikkim and its
special advisory relationship with Bhutan.
• The PRC's leaders agreed to discuss the boundary issue,
• Mount Kailash and Mansarowar Lake in Tibet, the
mythological home of the Hindus were opened to
annual Hindu pilgrimages.
• A warming trend in Sino-Indian relations was facilitated by
Rajiv Gandhi's visit to China in December 1988.
• The two sides issued a joint communiqué that stressed the need
to restore friendly relations on the basis of the Panchsheel.
• India and the People's Republic of China agreed to achieve a "fair
and reasonable settlement while seeking a mutually acceptable
solution" to the border dispute.
• The communiqué also expressed China's concern about agitation
by Tibetan separatists in India and reiterated that anti-China
political activities by expatriate Tibetans would not be tolerated.
• Rajiv Gandhi signed bilateral agreements on science and
technology co-operation, establish direct air links, and on cultural
exchanges.
• In 1993, Prime Minister Narasimha Rao and Premier Li Peng signed a border
agreement dealing with cross-border trade, cooperation on environmental
issues.
• In January 1994, Beijing announced that it not only favored a negotiated
solution on Kashmir, but also opposed any form of independence for the
region.
• Talks were held in New Delhi in February 93 aimed at establishing
"confidence-building measures“.
• China reiterated its desire for settlement of the boundary issues.
• Sino-Indian relations hit a low point in 1998 following India's nuclear tests,
hinting that India developed nuclear weapons in defence against China's
nuclear arsenal.
• In 1998, China was one of the strongest international critics of India's nuclear
tests and entry into the nuclear club.
• During the 1999 Kargil War China voiced support for Pakistan. but also
counseled Pakistan to withdraw its forces.
• In 2004, the two countries proposed opening up the Nathula
and Jelepla Passes in Sikkim.
• 2004 was a milestone in Sino-Indian bilateral trade,
surpassing the US$10 billion mark for the first time.
• In April 2005, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao visited Bangalore
to push for increased Sino-Indian cooperation in high-tech
industries.
• In the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
(SAARC) Summit in 2005, China was granted an observer
status.
• Both countries signed an agreement in 2006 to envisage
ONGC Videsh Ltd (OVL) and the
China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) to placing joint
bids for promising projects.
• In 2006, China and India re-opened Nathula pass for trading which was
closed 44 years prior to 2006. Re-opening of border trade helped ease the
economic isolation of the region.
• In November 2006, China and India had a verbal spat over claim of the
north-east Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh.
• India claimed that China was occupying 38,000 square kilometres of its
territory in Kashmir.
• China claimed the whole of Arunachal Pradesh as its own.
• In 2007, China denied the application for visa from an
Indian Administrative Service officer in Arunachal Pradesh. According to
China, since Arunachal Pradesh is a territory of China saying visa not need
to visit his own country. Later in December 2007, China reversed its policy
by granting a visa to Marpe Sora, an Arunachal born professor in computer
science but issied a Stappled Visa.
• In January 2008, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited China to discuss
trade, commerce, defence, military, and various other issues.
• In September, 2014 ,the relationship took a sting as
troops of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) have
reportedly entered two kilometres inside the Line of
Actual Control (LAC) in Chumar sector.
• PRC designated Pakistan as its ‘ All Weather Friend,

and refused to term Pakistan as a Terrorism breeding
State.
• PRC included POK territory in its BRBO and construct

Road upto Gwadar Port developed by China,
DOKLAM CRISIS
• On 16 June 2017 Chinese troops with construction vehicles and road-
building equipment began extending an existing road southward in
Doklam, a territory which is claimed by both China as well as India's ally
Bhutan. This Trination junction is strategically vital for India.
• On June 18, 2017, Indian troops with Weapons and bulldozers, entered
Doklam to stop the Chinese troops from constructing the road.
• China accused India of illegal intrusion into its territory across mutually
agreed China-India boundary and violation of its territorial sovereignty
and UN Charter,
• India accused China of changing status quo in violation of a 2012
understanding between the two governments regarding the tri-junction
boundary points and causing security concerns, widely understood as at
its strategic Siliguri Corridor.
• India media reported that on 28 June Bhutan issued a demarche
demanding China to cease road building in Doklam and to maintain the
status quo.
• China Blocking India’s entry into NSG.
• China reluctant to support India’s permanent
Membership in UN-Security Council.
• China’s objection to term Pakistan as a
Terrorist State.
• China’s objection to India-US-Japan Naval
Exercise ‘ Malabar’.
• Chinese objection to India’s joint venture in
Vietnam Crude drilling in South China sea.
Sino-Indian Bilateral trade: Indian Exports / Chinese Imports
•China is India's largest trading partner.
•Chinese imports from India amounted to $16.4 billion or 0.8% of its overall imports,
and 4.2% of India's overall exports in 2014.
•The 10 major commodities exported from India to the China were:
•Cotton: $3.2 billion
•Gems, precious metals, coins: $2.5 billion
•Copper: $2.3 billion
•Ores, slag, ash: $1.3 billion
•Organic chemicals: $1.1 billion
•Salt, sulphur, stone, cement: $958.7 million
•Machines, engines, pumps: $639.7lmillion
•Plastics: $499.7 million
•Electronic equipment: $440 million
•Raw hides excluding furskins: $432.7 million
Sino-Indian Bilateral Trade: Chinese Exports / Indian Imports.
•Chinese exports to India amounted to $58.4 billion or 2.3% of its overall
exports, and 12.6% of India's overall imports in 2014. The 10 major
commodities exported from China to India were:
•Electronic equipment: $16 billion
•Machines, engines, pumps: $9.8 billion
•Organic chemicals: $6.3 billion
•Fertilizers: $2.7 billion
•Iron and steel: $2.3 billion
•Plastics: $1.7 billion
•Iron or steel products: $1.4 billion
•Gems, precious metals, coins: $1.3 billion
•Ships, boats: $1.3 billion
•Medical, technical equipment: $1.2 billion
•India regards China’s OBOR venture as a violation of its
Sovereignty and Integrity. Hence, rejected the Chinese proposal
to India to join the OBOR venture.
•One Road will only be a success if it is pursued in a more
transparent, status quo-oriented, market-driven and responsible
manner, which Beijing’s policy is not.
•OBOR will create an avoidable Debt burden on India.
•OBOR is primarily aimed at ascertaining Chinese supremacy,
hagemany and dominance.
•OBOR passes through Pak occupied Kashmir which India regards

as Chinese intervention in the bi-lateral Indi-Pak dispute.
• Indo-Chinese Diplomatic rivalry in South Asian region.
• China China’s role in Sri Lanka has grown remarkably in recent years
poised to expand geographically as well. Hitherto, Beijing’s projects were
confined to the southern parts of the island. It is now making inroads into
the Northern Province and the rubber, tea, and coconut plantations of the
central highlands.
• In April, state-run China Railway Beijing Engineering Group Co. Ltd. won a
more than $300 million contract to build 40 thousand houses in
Jaffna district in the Northern Province.
• China is also engaged in negotiations to invest 30 to 40 million dollars in
Sri Lankan Plantation industry Industry. India will face competition from
the Chinese over reconstruction projects in the Northern Province.
• The Colombo Port City project called Hambanthota project was
constructed with a budget of $1.4 billion funded by China.
• In a mad rush in Sri Lanka, India has idiotically taken up the Mattala
Airport where-in not a single Flight is operated and is called Ghost Airport.
India’ Neighbors: PAKISTAN
• Relations between India and Pakistan have
been complex and largely hostile due to a
number of historical and political events.
• Relations between the two states have been
defined by the violent partition of British India
in 1947, the Kashmir conflict and the
numerous military conflicts fought between
the two nations.
• Consequently, their relationship has been
plagued by hostility and suspicion.
• Bloody Partition resulted in millions displaced from
Pakistan to neighboring Indian States.
• Mutual hatred, distrust and violence marked Indo-Pak
relations since bifurcation.
• India declared itself a secular state and Muslims enjoy
equal status and high protection of constitution. But
Pakistan is a hardcore Islamic State where even Muslims
of other sects like Shias, Bohras, Muzahirs are persecuted.
• Either Military Rules directly, or Controls Democratically
elected Governments.
• ISI decides, determines and dictates domestic and Foreign
policy in Pakistan.
India’s Neighbors: Pakistan
• India and Pakistan are born enemies.
• Pakistan lost its claim to Muslim dominated Nizam
territory, West Bengal and Junagad owing to stubborn
resistance of Sardar Patel.
• However, in 1948 Pakistan succeeded in seizing a large
part of Lashmir due to foolish attitude of Nehru.
• Pakistan insists on Plebicite in Kashmir as promised by
faulty Nehruvian policy.
• Late PM of Pakistan declared Indo-Pak enmity as a
Thousand years war.
• Pakistan consistently raises Kashmir issue in all
International forums.
• There have been numerous attempts to improve the relationship—notably,
the Shimla summit, The Agra summit The Lahore summit.
• Since the early 1980s, relations between the two nations soured particularly after
The Siachen conflict, The Kashmir insurgency in 1989,
Indian and Pakistani nuclear tests The 1999 Kargil war.
• Certain confidence-building measures , temporarily paused tension between the two
• the 2003 ceasefire agreement the Delhi–Lahore Bus service – were successful in de-
escalating tensions.
• However, these efforts have been impeded by periodic terrorist attacks like
• The 2001 Indian Parliament attack The 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings,
Additionally, the 2008 Mumbai attacks resulted in a severe blow to the ongoing India-
Pakistan peace talks.
Indo-Pak Bilateral Relations further deteriorated after
the 2016 Pathankot attack 2016, terrorist attack on an Indian military base
• The attack sparked a military confrontation across the Line of Control, with an escalation in
ceasefire violations and further militant attacks on Indian security forces.
• As of December 2016, the ongoing confrontation and an increase in nationalist rhetoric on
both sides has resulted in the collapse of bilateral relations, with little expectation they will
recover.
• Since partition, India and Pakistan fought four bitter
wars:
• In 1948- India lost large tracts of Kashmir.
• In 1965, India defeated Pakistan in war-front, but lost
across Negotiation table in Tashkent.
• In 1971, India conclusively defeated Pakistan resulting
in Pakistan losing its Eastern territory, but India ceded
its winning advantage accross Negotiation table in
Simla.
• In May 1999, India fought Kargil War resulting in
Pakistan forced to vacate its occupied positions in Kargil
sector in Sia-Chin region.
• Oasis of Indo-Pak co-operation in the desert of
Born rivalry:
• Indo-Pak Cricket ties.
• Pakistani Artists being engaged in Indian Film
industry.
• Occasional visit of Indian and Pakistani
Politicians and intellectuals to generate mutual
good-will.
• But, Pakistan’s bloody acts of terrorism and
insurgency damage all good-will measures.
Areas of Indo-Pak rivalry:
• Territorial: Kashmir, Junagadh, Areas in Sia-Chin
• Water: Indus River water dispute as Jhelum, Chenab, Rabi,
Satlej are tributaries of Indus. Any construction on these rivers
like Baglihar Hydro Project by India is opposed by Pakistan in
International Tribunals.
• Gas Pipe Line from Iran to India is held-up owing to Pakistan
not allowing the laying of pipelines through its territory.
• Illegal arrest, torture, persecution and execution of innocent
Indians on false charges of spying.
• Unfriendly acts of Pakistani authorities dissuades Indian
tourists from pilgrimage to Sikh and Hindu pilgrim sites, and
historical site like Mohenzodaro.
• Mutual hatred and distrust is the core of Indo-Pak rivalry.
• A section of Muslims in Kashmir including its separatist
leaders foment insurgency aided by Pak army and ISI.
• A section of Muslims in India wave Pakistani flags and raise
pro-Pak slogans now and then, specially whenever Pakistan
wins a Cricket match or Hockey tournment against India.
• As Zulfikar Ali Bhutto rightly said, Indo-Pak relations are far
away and far far difficult to be normalised.
• Even if Kashmir is ceded by India, Indo-pak relations will
never be cordial. Pakistan is instigated by Chinese support to
it against India in every International forum to such an
extent that it is reluctant to classify Hafiz sayed an
International terrorist.
INDO-NEPAL RELATIONS
• Many factors make India’s relationship with Nepal critical. People-to-people,
religious, cultural and economic links between the two countries,
• The open border and the resultant security problems for India,
• Free Indian currency convertibility in Nepal,
• The presence of Gorkhas in the Indian army,
• The millions of Nepalese living and working in India ,
• The flow of major rivers from Nepal to India.
• A common border of over 1850 Kms in the east, south and west with five
Indian States - Sikkim, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand –
and in the north with the Tibet Autonomous Region of the People's Republic
of China.
• Nepal a Buffer State between India and China.
• India major trade partner of Nepal.
• Major infra-projects ilike Hydro power, Mountain roads.
• Tension points: Madhesis in Indo-Nepal Border- Tilt towards China.
INDO-SRI LANKAN RELATIONS
• Dates back to epic age of Ramayan.
• Common link is Budhism and Ashoka reign.
• Commonality id Culture and Tamil Language in Northern
Jaffna region.
• Grossly affected owing to Civil War and LTTE terrorism
resulting in Tamilian emotional support to Eelam movement,
Indian Peace keeping force and later Rajiv Gandhi
Assassination by LTTE terrorists.
• India constructing Ghost airport.
• Chinese aid, loans in Sri Lankan infra projects.
• Sri Lanka allowing Chinese Navy to deck in Norther Jaffna
shore.
INDO-MALDIVES RELATIONS
• India–Maldives relations have been friendly and close in strategic,
economic and military cooperation and contributed
to maintaining Security of the island nation.
• India constructing a Male Airport by GMR. But, the contract was
cancelled midway and given to China.
• In the wake of a drinking water crisis in Malé on 4 December 2014
following collapse of the island's only water treatment plant,
Maldives urged India for immediate help. India came to rescue by
sending its heavy lift transporters carrying bottled water.
• Indo-Maldivian relations fluctuate depending on who rules the
island Nation.
• China trying to acquire a foothold in Maldives to counter Indian
influence in Indian Ocean.
INDO-BHUTANESE RELATIONS
• Even smaller than Nepal in size ( 38,394 Square Kilometres) ,and
population ( 797,795 people), handicapped by geographical
disadvantage ( a land-locked hilly state) and an underdeveloped
economy, Bhutan or Druk Yul (Land of thunder dragon) is mostly
dependent on India.
• India shares with Bhutan greater geographical and socio-cultural
proximity.
• The bilateral relations between the Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan and
the Republic of India have been traditionally close and Special
Relationship making Bhutan a Protected but not a Protectorate of India.
• India remains influential over Bhutan's foreign policy, defence and
commerce.
• In 2015–16 fiscal, India's budgetary support to the Kingdom country
stood at Inrs.800 Million , though the Budgetary support was gradually
declining in previous years as foreign aid.
• India has an open border with Bhutan and no VISA is needed for Indians,
but only an Interland Permission.
• India has been an all-weather friend of Bhutan
• Bhutan supports India’s stand on the Non-Proliferation Treaty
and Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, which were accused as
discriminatory de-nuclearisation programmes and also India’s
claim for a permanent seat in the UN Security Council.
• Bhutan proved to be India’s trusted friend in 2003 when it
launched Operation All Clear and Operation Flush out against
Indian insurgents taking shelter in its territory
• Bhutan signed the Treaty of Peace and Friendship on August
8, 1949, in Darjeeling.
• The economy of Bhutan depends greatly on hydropower
exports.
• India has been assisting in major projects in Bhutan.
• The 1020 MW Tala Hydroelectric Project. The 336 MW Chukha
Hydroelectric Project, The 60 MW Kurichhu Hydroelectric Project,
Penden Cement Plant, Paro Airport, Bhutan Broadcasting Station, Major
Bhutanese National Highways etc.
• India is Bhutan’s leading ading trade partner. A free trade regime exists
between India and Bhutan. Ntries. Bhutan imports largely above 80
percent of its total imports from India. Bhutan’s exports to India
constituted 89.38% of its total exports.
• China shares a contiguous border of 470 kilometres with Bhutan to north
and its territorial tussle with Bhutan has been a constant source of tense
bilateral relationshIts border with the PRC (Peoples Republic of China)
has never been officially recognised and demarcated. Recent Doklam
Crisis involving China and Bhutan dragged India to the verge of Armed
Confrontation with China in 2018.
INDO-MYANMERESE RELATIONS
• Myanmar is bordering Indian States of Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and
Arunachal Pradesh .
• The Indo-Burmese border stretches over 1,600 kilometres.[
• The relationship between India and Myanmar has always been friendly
with some minor issues occurred.
• Bilateral relations between Burma (officially the Republic of the Union of
Myanmar or the Union of Burma) and the Indian Republic have
improved considerably since 1993,
• Indo-Myanmar tensions related to drug trafficking,
• the suppression of democracy and the rule of the Military Junta in
Burma.
• Insurgents from Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur having asylum in
Myanmar.
• Rohingya Muslims influx into India.
.
•India is Burma’s 4th largest trading partner after Thailand, China and
Singapore, and second largest export market after Thailand, absorbing
25 percent of its total exports.[6] India is also the seventh most
important source of Burma’s imports.
•India constructed 250 kilometre Tamu-Kalewa-Kalemyo highway,
popularly called the Indo-Myanmar Friendship Road.
•India and Myanmar have agreed to a 4-lane, 3200 km triangular
highway connecting India, Myanmar and Thailand. Running from
Guwahati in India to connecting Mandalay in Myanmar continues to
Yangon in Myanmar and Mae Sot and Bangkok in Thailand, and finally
extend to Cambodia and Vietnam under Mecong-Ganga Co-operation.
This is aimed at creating a new economic zone ranging from Kolkata on
the Bay of Bengal to Ho Chi Minh City on the South China Sea.
• The KaladanKaladan Multi-Modal Transit transport Project
will connect the eastern Indian seaport
of Kolkata with Sittwe sea-port in Myanmar by sea; it will
then link Sittwe seaport to Lashio in Myanmar via Kaladan
river port route and then from Lashio on to Mizoram
in India by road transport.
• India would offer gratis/no-cost Visas to all Myanmar
citizens visiting India.
• India's move to forge close relations with Burma are
motivated by a desire to counter China's growing influence
as a regional leader and enhance its own influence and
standing.
INDIA’s RELATIONS WITH ITS NEIGHBOURS
THE END

India & Its Relations With Neighbouring Nations

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INDIA & ITS RELATIONS WITH

• India advocates the policy of constructive

• Passage for Pak Sponsored Terrorism. Religious, cultural,

•In 2007, India supplied equipment for a 125 Km transmission

• PRC designated Pakistan as its ‘ All Weather Friend,

• PRC included POK territory in its BRBO and construct

•OBOR passes through Pak occupied Kashmir which India regards

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