How to use CiteSpace

李茂君
How much do we know?
Nature explores the most-cited papers in 2014

Mount Kilimanjaro 5,895m

（乞力马扎罗山）
Top 1 cm 100 most cited papers

Top 1 m Citations > 1000

4400 m Citations > 10

Below 4400 Citations 0 or 1

Source: http://www.nature.com/news/the-top-100-pa
pers-1.16224#mountain
 Data in Translation Studies (TS)

1400
 over 110 specialized jo Yearly Output of TS publications (2000-2017)
urnals 1200
1176
1235

 more than 60,000 publ 1000

1106

ications issued in
the past 30 years 800
729

 types including books, 600 596

646

journal articles, acade

578
526 508

mic theses, etc.

468
400
374
339
299 297 309
276 286 290
200

Data source: Core Collection, Web of Science

Data brings challenges!
• How to review the literature, search relevant documents?
i.e. general features of TS
• What are the core literature in TS?
• i.e. most cited/classic/important references
• How to find the useful, unknown knowledge from the data?
i.e. social network, hotspots, knowledge structure or emerging trends

Data Mining provides an effective way for knowledge discovery!

Data mining and Knowledge discovery
• Data mining: Valid: The patterns hold in general.
the exploration and analysis of l Novel: We did not know the pattern
arge quantities of data in order beforehand.
to discover valid, novel, potenti Useful: We can devise actions from
ally useful, and ultimately unde the patterns.
rstandable patterns in data.
Understandable: We can interpret
and comprehend the patterns.
Related Fields

Machine Visualization
Learning
Data Mining and
Knowledge Discovery

Statistics Databases

6
 My Research:
Research questions:
What are the emerging trends in corpus-based translation s
tudies?

Data Collection:
-keyword search in Web of Science based on “corpus-based
translat* OR interpret*”;
-428 papers published between 1993 and 2017 collected
 Research method:
• Data mining tools used : Citespace V
• Mining methods:
co-citation analysis of cited references is used to detect major resear
ch themes and emerging trends in translation studies.
Co-citation analysis
• Introduced by Small (1973), it is
defined as the frequency with w
hich two earlier documents are
cited together by the later literat
ure. If two articles are cited toge
ther by the same literature, ther
e is a co-citation relationship bet
ween the two. The more freque
ntly the two articles are co-cited
, the stronger co-citation betwee
n the two articles.
Knowledge discovery: High frequency research terms

research front terms Frequency Centrality Year Term

45 0.17 2007 corpus-based translation study

Part of Terms in 2017

38 0.2 2001 corpus-based approach
2 0.01 2017 academic discourse
3 0.05 2017 academic writing 34 0.09 2003 english
2 0.00 2017 comparative method 29 0.06 2011 translation
2 0.00 2017 compositional semantics
2 0.00 2017 contact linguistics 25 0.06 2007 corpus-based analysis
2 0.08 2017 corpus-based methodology 24 0.05 2012 language
2 0.01 2017 corpus-based linguistics 23 0.16 2008 translation study
2 0.01 2017 corpus-driven approach
19 0.08 2011 parallel corpus
2 0.00 2017 dative construction
2 0.00 2017 different genre 19 0.05 2008 corpus linguistics
2 0.04 2017 epistemology
2 0.04 2017 first language 18 0.16 2006 target language
2 0.01 2017 gender difference 15 0.27 2007 corpora
3 0.00 2017 hedging 11 0.05 2004 source text
2 0.03 2017 hedging device
11 0.01 2005 machine translation
2 0.00 2017 hong kong
2 0.02 2017 interpersonal relationship
11 0.06 2010 translation universal
2 0.00 2017 language learning
2 0.00 2017 language mediation 10 0.1 2014 target text
2 0.04 2017 learning research
9 0.06 2010 comparable corpus

9 0 2010 corpus-based study

8 0.04 2008 discourse
8 0.06 2008 corpus analysis
Knowledge discovery : active topics
（1）
Active topics
citation references Content
counts
追溯语料库方法的来源，全方位介绍了语
15 Olohan M, 2004, Introducting Corpora in Translation Studies
料库方法在翻译研究中的应用
从理论和实证双维角度探讨‘显化’是否
13 Becher V, 2010, ACROSS LANG CULT, 11, 1
是翻译语言的内在特征
翻译语料收集、标注、方法和技术指导、
9 Zanettin F, 2012, Translation Driven Corpora
语料工具介绍及案例分析
8 Mauranen A, 2004, Translation Universals: Do they exist? 从理论和实证角度探讨翻译普遍性特征
Bowker L, 2002, Working with Specialized Language: A practical 一本针对特殊用途语言的语料库研究手册
7
guide to using corpora ，内含语料库方法、工具及资源介绍
7 Scott M, 2008, WORDSMITH TOOLS VERS, 0, 0 Wordsmith 工具介绍
Kruger H, 2012, Register and the features of translated 基于语料库的一项语域与翻译语言特征的
6
language ， Across Language and Cultures 研究
Knowledge discovery : active topics
（2）
探讨语料库对译者培训的
作用

网络媒体对电子文本体裁
的影响研究

基于语料库的屏幕产品翻译
的著作

多模态文本的语料库分析

从理论和实证角度探讨翻译
普遍性特征
全方位介绍了翻译技术，定
义和分类

57 ，基于英德双语语料库，
提出显化并非源于翻译过程
Knowledge discovery : research areas and
its evolution
Knowledge discovery : research areas and
its evolution
聚类号 大小 持续时长 活跃度 主题 研究关键词
0 95 2001-2011 不活跃 Web localization language corpora ， multimodal
discourse
analysis ， crowdsourcing ， translating
style
1 89 1999-2010 不活跃 Parallel corpora pedagogy of translation, language
corpora, lexical bundle analysis,
translational universals
2 78 1993-2011 不活跃 Corpus-based study language corpora ; discourse markers ;
routinisation, collocation retrieval
3 68 1998-2012 不活跃 Court interpreting lexical ambiguity, teaching platform,
study legal contracts, interpreting universals,
specialised corpus
9 1998- 活跃 Translation Translation universals, simplification,
universals explicitness, implication
 Knowledge discovery : emerging trend
s Zanettin F, (2012 ） , Translation
Timeline view of clusters Driven Corpora, 翻译语料收集、标
the nodes with red rings in cluster 9 “translation 注、方法和技术指导、语料工具介
universals” composed of yellow nodes, 绍及案例分析；第一章对翻译语言
constitutes the emerging trends. 的特征作了详细的探讨。

Becher V, (2010 ） , 基于语料库实

证研究，从理论和实践上挑战
Baker&Olohan (2000) 和 Overas
(1998) 提出的翻译显化假设
Conclusions
• Corpus-based translation studies has become an active field of TS sinc
e 1993 since various scientific interests has been detected;
• Corpus technology, web localization , court interpreting, and translati
on universals constitute the major research areas, where translation u
niversals is the most recent interest;
• Data mining provides an effective way of finding knowledge in scientifi
c studies.
• Due to data limitation, the results only show the fact within reasonabl
e scope.
Thanks for listening!
Olohan M. (2004) Introducing Corpora in Translation Studies

The Book Offers a comprehensive account of the use of corpora by toda

y's translators and researchers, traces the development of corpus meth
ods;
• defines the types of corpora used for translation research, discussing t
heir design and application and presenting tools for extracting and an
alyzing data 
• examines research potential and methodological limitations
• considers some uses of corpora by translators and in translator trainin
g
Becher V. (2010)
• 该文以