BASIC GEOGRAPHY

GEO. 1
SUMMER - A.Y. 2019-2020
LESSON 3:
LANDFORMS OF THE EARTH-cont.
 Facts we learned :
• Described what are the features of the Earth in terms of its landforms.
• Discussed those features of the Earth’s Surface.
• Identified what are those landforms of the Earth.
• Identified what are those Oceanic Landforms of the Earth.
• Compared Continental landforms from Oceanic landforms
• Explained how natural processes affect Earth’s both Land and oceans.
WHAT ARE
 WHAT ARE LANDFORMS?
• Landforms are the natural
structures or features on Earth’s
surface.
• It is considered as the earth’s
Physical/Natural Feature.
CHANGES TO LANDFORMS
• Many of the changes on
Earth’s surface are the result
of weathering, erosion and
deposition.
• Earth’s surface is constantly
exposed to wind, water and
ice which cause changes to
landforms.
 Relief Forms

3rd order relief- Left Overs

1st order relief e.g. 2nd order relief e.g. mountains,

Oceans & Continents volcanoes & Plains
Residual Depositon
-Delta
-Canyons -Sand Dunes
-Sand Bars
-River Lakes -Moraines
 Acc ordi ng t o Size

MAJOR LANDFORMS MINOR LAND FORMS

PLAIN, MOUNTAIN, VOLCANOES PLATEAU & HILL VALLEY, BASIN, BUTTES & CANYON
(Oceanic Landforms)
WHAT ARE OCEANIC LANDFORMS?
The oceans of the world are actually a
landform of water that do take up
71% of the earth's surface. It is made
up of a total of 5 bodies of water. The
world below the ocean contain a large
variety of landforms as well. These
include the following: mid-ocean
ranges, guyots, abyss, trenches and
even mountains!
What kind of Landform?

BUTTES
What kind of Landform?

HILLS
What kind of Landform?

CANYON
What kind of Landform?

LAKE BASIN/BASIN
What kind of Landform?

RIVER VALLEY/VALLEY
What kind of Landform?

SAND DUNES
What kind of Landform?

OCEAN RIFT
What kind of Landform?

MOUNTAIN RANGE
What kind of Landform?

DELTA
What kind of Landform?

SAND BAR
BASIC GEOGRAPHY
GEO. 1
SUMMER - A.Y. 2019-2020
LESSON 3.3:
LANDFORMS OF THE EARTH-cont.
Understanding
Volcanoes
Objectives:
At the end of the Lesson:
• Define what is a Volcano.
• Discuss the nature of volcanic eruptions.
• Identify what are the types of volcanoes.
• Identify the types of volcanic eruption.
• Study the different volcanic Hazards.
• The Effects of Volcanic Eruption to people.
Understanding
Volcanoes
What is a VOLCANO?
 GENERAL FEATURES OF A VOLCANO

Opening at the summit of a volcano:

Vent – surface opening connected to the magma chamber

GENERAL FEATURES OF A VOLCANO
 GENERAL FEATURES OF A VOLCANO

Vent – surface
opening connected
to the magma
chamber
GENERAL FEATURES OF A VOLCANO

Fumarole –
emit only
gases and
smoke
GLOBAL
GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION OF
OF 1,500
1,500ACTIVE
ACTIVE
VOLCANOES
VOLCANOES
GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF VOLCANOES

• Most volcanoes are located

within or near ocean basins
• Basaltic rocks: in oceanic
and continental settings
• Granitic rocks: in
continental settings
THE PACIFIC RING OF FIRE
 THE PACIFIC RING OF FIRE
The Ring of Fire has
long been an active site for
earthquakes and volcanoes
because of the active plate
boundaries. When tectonic
plates move against each
other at boundaries, they
cause earthquakes and
eruptions of magma, which
form into volcanoes.
Countries in The Ring of Fire THE PACIFIC RING OF FIRE
The top 15 countries in The Pacific Ring of Fire include:
1. Chile
2. Mexico
3. United States
4.Antarctica
5. Russia
6. Japan
7. Philippines
8. Japan
9. New Zealand
10. Papa New Guinea
11.Indonesia
12.Canada
13.Peru
14.Taiwan
15.Gautemala
THE NATURE OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

• Three physical characteristics of a

magma control its viscosity, the
physical property that ultimately
determines the “violence” or
explosiveness, of the eruption:
• Composition
• Temperature
• Dissolved gases
The magma affects the severity of a volcanic eruptions
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
TYPES OF VOLCANOES

Eruption
fissure with
spatter
cones,
Holuhraun,
Iceland,
2014
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
 TYPES OF VOLCANOES

Mayon Volcano, Philippines

Mount Rainier, Washington, U.S.A.

Famous examples of composite cones are Mayon

Volcano, Philippines, Mount Fuji in Japan, and
Mount Rainier, Washington, U.S.A. Some
composite volcanoes attain two to three thousand
meters in height above their bases. Most
composite volcanoes occur in chains and are
Mount Fuji in Japan separated by several tens of kilometers.
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
 TYPES OF VOLCANOES

Mt. Kīlauea is a currently active shield Erta Ale is a continuously active basaltic
volcano in the Hawaiian Islands shield volcano in the Afar Region of
northeastern Ethiopia
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
 TYPES OF VOLCANOES

The volcano erupted again on the afternoon of

January 12, 2020, 43 years after the 1977
eruption, with the alert level of the Philippine
Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
escalating from Alert Level 2 to Alert Level 4
Taal Volcano
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
TYPES OF VOLCANOES

The growing Mount St.

Helens Lava dome. This
lava dome started
developing shortly after
the iconic May, 18th
1980 eruption and dome
growth continued until
1986
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
 TYPES OF VOLCANOES
Taupo is a ‘supervolcano’ and one of the most
frequently active and productive rhyolite caldera in
the world. The huge caldera (collapse crater) has been
partly filled by New Zealand’s largest lake, Lake
Taupo.

Yellowstone Supervolcano Is Only The

21st Most Dangerous In America
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
 VOLCANIC HAZARDS
 Pyroclastic eruption
 Landslide
 Release of pressure
 Lateral blast
 Pyroclastic flow
 Ash cloud
 Ash fall
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
 VOLCANIC HAZARDS

Within hours of Mount Pinatubo's explosive June 15, 1991,

eruption, heavy rains began to wash the ash and debris
deposited by this explosion down into the surrounding lowlands
in giant, fast-moving mudflows called lahars.
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
GOOD EFFECTS OF
VOLCANIC
ACTIVITIES
GOOD EFFECTS OF VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES
GOOD EFFECTS OF VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES
GOOD EFFECTS OF VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES
GOOD EFFECTS OF VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES
GOOD EFFECTS OF VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES
GOOD EFFECTS OF VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES
 So….
How do we minimize the risk of active volcanoes?
VOLCANO MONITORING

Volcano Observatories
are set up on all active
volcanoes that threaten
the human population.
These are designed to
monitor and potentially to
predict the eruptive
behaviour of the volcano
in question.
 VOLCANO MONITORING

These three things are the most important precursors to an eruption.

• Seismicity
• Deformation
• Gas Output
• (on volcano and
remote sensing
techniques)
 VOLCANO MONITORING
SEISMIC ACTIVITY
• Earthquake activity commonly precedes an eruption.
• Result of magma pushing up towards the surface.
• Increase volume of material in the volcano shatters the rock.
• This causes earthquakes.
SEISMIC ACTIVITY VOLCANO MONITORING

• Earthquake activity is measured by Seismographs

– Seismographs are stationed on the flanks of the volcano
– These record the frequency, duration and intensity of the
earthquakes and report it back to the volcano observatory.
 VOLCANO MONITORING
DEFORMATION MONITORING

• “Tiltmeters” are used to measure the deformation of the volcano

• The tiltmeters measure changes in slope as small as one part per million. A slope change of one part per
million is equivalent to raising the end of a board one kilometer long only one millimeter!
 VOLCANO MONITORING
DEFORMATION MONITORING

• Tilltmeters can tell you when new material enters the magma chamber.

Note the
B presence of
earthquakes in
relation to the
deformation.
Often it is a
combination of
events that
fore-warns of
an eruption.
 VOLCANO MONITORING
GAS MONITORING

• Commonly gas output from a volcano

increases or changes composition before an
eruption.
• As magma rises to the surface it releases
(exsolves) much of its gas content.
• This can be measured
 VOLCANO MONITORING
GAS MONITORING
• Gas samples are collected from fumaroles and
active vents.

• Gas levels may also be monitored by remote

sensing techniques
IN SUMMARY...
• Volcanoes are extremely hazardous.
• However, the volcano can be
studied, monitored and understood.
• Each volcano is different, and offers
a unique set of dangers
• Plans may be emplaced to help
control potential damage.
QUESTIONS?
BASIC GEOGRAPHY
GEO. 1
SUMMER - A.Y. 2019-2020