REDUCED ADVERB

TIME CLAUSES
 REDUCED ADVERB TIME CLAUSES

1. Identify the reduced adverb time clauses.

2. What would the full clauses be?

When making major purchases, we always browse

__________________
consumer websites for advice.
When we’re making

Since discovering the information on food labels, I’ve

_______________________
become a much more careful shopper.
Since I discovered
TIP When you use a reduced adverb time clause,
the subject must be the same in both clauses.
 REDUCED ADVERB TIME CLAUSES

Examples of reduced relative time clauses

• He made the decision to shop in small local stores
after reading about the tricks big supermarkets use
to make us buy more.

• Sarah makes sure she includes lots of fresh

produce while planning her weekly menus.

• Recently, before buying processed food, I’ve

started checking how much sugar and salt is in it.
 REDUCED ADVERB TIME CLAUSES

Full adverb time Reduced adverb

Rules
clauses time clauses
clause in present When checking
progressive: When you are the number of
checking the calories in a
Delete the subject
number of calories serving, you often
and verb be.
in a serving,… forget to check the
salt content.
clause not in
present After buying all
After he had
progressive: the ingredients, he
bought all the
Delete the subject; discovered she
ingredients,…
change the verb to didn’t like cake.
the –ing form.
 REDUCED ADVERB TIME CLAUSES

We can use reduced adverb time clauses after

adverbs such as before, when, while, since, and
after to shorten it. The subject must be the same in
both clauses.

Subject in both clauses is the company

• Since taking over the manufacturing process, the
company has been using much better ingredients.
• When buying more low-fat or sugar-free foods,
consumers are choosing healthier options.

Subject in both clauses is consumers

 REDUCED ADVERB TIME CLAUSES

Rewrite the sentences with reduced adverb time clauses.

1. Since we moved to the country we grow all our

vegetables. Since moving to the country,

2. After she lost 10 kilograms, Alison is very careful

about what she eats.
After losing 10 kilograms,

3. In the movie, while they are testing the chemical,

scientists discover it has some very strange side
effects. while testing the chemical,
 REDUCED ADVERB TIME CLAUSES

Watch Out!
1. While inspecting / inspected the hotel kitchen,
she found a lot of ingredients past their expiry date.
2. I always write the expiry date on any meat products
before putting / I putting them in the freezer.
3. Since I became / becoming a vegetarian, my
parents started cooking vegetarian meals for me.
4. How much did you know about food safety before
reading / your reading about it in the article?
5. When moving / we moved to our new home, our
new neighbors welcomed us with a party.
 REDUCED ADVERB TIME CLAUSES

Grammar wrap-up
1. We use reduced adverb time
clauses with before, when, while, True
since and after. True or false?

2. The subject may be different False

in the two clauses. True or false?

3. The main verb is always used in

the –ing form in reduced adverb True
time clauses. True or false?
REDUCED ADVERB
CAUSE–EFFECT
CLAUSES
 REDUCED ADVERB
CAUSE–EFFECT CLAUSES
1. Identify the reduced adverb cause—effect clauses.
2. What changes have been made from full clauses?
As I work in a recycling plant
Working in a recycling plant, I’ve begun to realize
how wasteful modern consumerism can be.
Since they have been shown the evidence
Having been shown the evidence, the government
promised to investigate the link between waste
disposal and water pollution in the National Park.

TIP Remember that for perfect tenses the auxiliary

verb have (not the main verb) is in the –ing form.
 REDUCED ADVERB
CAUSE–EFFECT CLAUSES

Examples of reduced adverb cause—effect

clauses:
Having usedher cell phone for just six months, she
• ___________
bought the latest version and threw her old one away.

• _______
Living in cities, it’s hard for us to recognize the effect
our “throwaway society” can have on our countryside.

• ______________________ of the new restrictions, the

Having had
company been informed
to find a new way to dispose of the
dangerous chemicals.
 REDUCED ADVERB
CAUSE–EFFECT CLAUSES
To reduce an adverb cause—effect clause:

1. Delete the subject and the adverb.

2. Change the verb to the –ing form. (In perfect
tenses, change the auxiliary, not the main verb.)

Because he had studied

Environmental Studies in college,
Having studied Environmental Studies in college, he
went on to write a book on the effects of plastic on the
environment.
 REDUCED ADVERB
CAUSE–EFFECT CLAUSES
We use reduced adverb cause—effect clauses to
express the reason for something happening. As
with reduced adverb time clauses, the subject must
be the same.
• Not knowing where to leave our empty bottles,
we took them home with us.
The subject in both clauses is we.

• Having bought organic vegetables, Peter decided

to buy locally sourced meat, too.

The subject in both clauses is Peter.

 REDUCED ADVERB
CAUSE–EFFECT CLAUSES

Complete the sentences with cause—effect clauses.

Not having kept (had not keept) a record of her
1. _____________
spending, Mary was shocked when she got her credit
card bill.
Growing
2. __________ (grow) all his own vegetables on his small
farm, Ron supplies the local farmers’ market with
seasonal produce.
Having been made
3. ________________ (has been made) responsible for
recycling at work, Kate has started telling us off for
throwing things away.
 REDUCED ADVERB
CAUSE–EFFECT CLAUSES

What’s wrong?
decided to reduce my carbon footprint, I
1 Having deciding
sold my car and bought a bike.
As I
looked over the city from the plane, the air
2 Looking
pollution was clearly visible.

Being recyclable, paper bags are much better for

3 Been the
environment than plastic ones.

Havingbeing
4 Have been promoted, I was now in charge of safety.
 REDUCED ADVERB
CAUSE–EFFECT CLAUSES

Grammar wrap-up:
True or false? In reduced adverb cause–effect clauses, …

1. …delete the adverb

True
and the subject.

2. …when using perfect

tenses, change the main False. Change the
verb to the –ing form. auxiliary verb have.