Design Features of Rotary Instrumentation

Design Of Rotary Instruments
Mastering the concept
Post Graduate Discussion

1
Contents
Mastering the concept of rotary
Materials
Physics behind rotary
Design features
Failures of Instrumentation
Relationship of design with Canal Anatomy
History of rotary instruments
Generation of rotary instrumentation
Technique of Rotary instrumentation
2
Mastering the concept
The success of using instruments while reventing
failure depends on how the material, design and
technique relate to the forces exerted on the
instruments.
To fully understand how the file reacts to applied

forces, terms have been defined to quantify the
actions and reactions to these forces.
Mastering Endodontic Instrumentation -John T McSpadden 3

Benefits of rotary
• Reduction in the time
• Enhanced ability to collect and remove

debris from the canal system.
• Reducing the incidence of ledging or

perforating.

Introduced by Drs.Walia, Gerstein and Bryant.
5
Why Nickel-Titanium?
Exotic metal
Super-elastic metal
Molecular crystalline
phase transformation
6
7
Common terms related to forces exerted on files
have the following definitions:
Stress—The deforming force measured across a given

area.
8
 Stress concentration point—An abrupt change in the geometric shape of
a file, such as a notch, will result in a higher stress at that point than
along the surface of the file where the shape is more continuous.
 Elastic deformation—The reversible deformation that does not exceed

the elastic limit.
 Plastic deformation—Permanent bond displacement caused by exceeding

the elastic limit.
 Shape memory—The elastic limit is substantially higher than is typical of

conventional metals.
 Plastic limit—The point at which the plastic deformed file breaks.

9
Material
 Stainless steels
 Nickel Titanium
Although radiographs portraying desired

canal shapes are often used to illustrate the
capabilities of a particular type of file, the
desired canal shape can be attained with virtually
any set of files provided they are used
properly
10
Niti vs Stainless steel
Breme HJ & Biehl V (1998) Metallic biomaterials. In:

Black J & Hastings G (eds) Handbook of biomaterial
properties, Chapman& Hall, London, p 135-213.) 11
Why do we need to know anything
about instrument design?
NanoEndo endodontic files blog | Page 3 12

The capabilities of files made of the same material are entirely
dependent on design and can mean success or failure.
Cutting ability,
Operational fatigue,
Stress concentration points,
Design Operational torque,
effectiveness Torque at breakage,
Flexibility,
Screwing-in forces,
Ability to maintain the central axis,
Tip mechanics
“The ultimate goal for anyone using
rotary instrumentation is not only to be able
to recognize that pivotal instant just before
complications occur, but to recognize the
most appropriate approach for achieving
solutions. That goal can only be accomplished
by thoroughly understanding the
function of design.”
-John MCspadden
14
Components of rotary root canal instruments
• Rotary root canal instruments consist of two basic parts, each
of which performs a specific function
Attachment Part
The working section (working part)

The working section (working part)
• It consists of a few constructive elements, which are functionally divided as:
1.The tip
2.The cutting part
3.The non-cutting part.
• The overall length of cutting and non-cutting parts determines the whole length
of the working section. This length is usually pointed out on the package.
• There are three common variants of root canal instruments depending on the
working-part length: 21 mm, 25 mm and 31 mm.
• NiTi rotary instruments may have a working part of differing length; for
example 17 mm, 23 mm or 27 mm.
16
Design Features

Tip
Koch, K., & Brave, D.G. (2002). Real World Endo : Design Features
of Rotary Files and How They Affect Clinical Performance. 18
Kim, Hyeon-Cheol. (2011). Mechanical and geometric features of
endodontic instruments and its clinical effect. Restorative Dentistry and
19
Endodontics. 36. 10.5395/JKACD.2011.36.1.1.
Taper
taper is usually expressed as the amount the file diameter

increases each millimeter along its working surface from
the tip toward the file handle

Taper
Taper of Root Canal instruments. D0 – instrument diameter at the

beginning of cutting part D1 – instrument diameter at 1mm from D0;
D2 – instrument diameter at 2 mm from D0
21
Flutes
Helix angle (angle of blade with long axis)
Cutting edge Flute

ProTaper
Lands
Lands are the surfaces of files that extend as
far axially from the center as the cutting edges
that define the file’s circumference.
Land Leading edge
 Reduce screwing-in forces,

 Support the cutting edge,
 Reduce transportation, and
 Limit the depth of cut in 23
Flute Land Relief
25
The helical angle (HA) or flute
angle is the angle formed by the
instrument’s cutting surface
and the dentin wall as observed
in longitudinal section
26
Core
Cylindrical center part of the file
having its circumference
outlined and bordered by the
depth of the flutes.
27
Although the two files above have the same basic design and are
of the same series, the ratio of the depth of the flute to the
external diameter differs significantly.
The depth of flute of the small instrument is approximately the
same as for the larger instrument resulting in excess
susceptibility to failure, whereas the larger instrument has
adequate flexibility and adequate resistance to torsion failure.
28
Rake angle and
Cutting angle
29
30
The ProTaper file
The ProTaper file rake angles
(red line angle of left image) and
cutting angles (red line angle of
right image) have the same
relationships to the surface
to be prepared.
31
The Hero file, with asymmetrical flutes
Rake angle (red line angle of left

image ) that is different from its
cutting angle (red line angle of
right image).
The cutting angle is less negative

than the rake angle and a better
indication
of its cutting ability.
32
33
Why are the rake angles and
cutting angles the same on
some files and not on others?
34
File Failure
Strength of a file is due to the cohesive forces between
atoms.
As forces that tend to deform a file are increasingly

applied, the forces to separate atoms increase and their
attractions decrease.
Breakage occurs when the force of separation of the atoms

exceeds the force of attraction.
On a larger scale, the molecules of a metal are arranged in

patterns denoting its crystalline structure or grain.
35
Factors influencing separation
 Canal curvature
 Manufacturing process, heat and surface

treatments
 Rotary design which includes cross section, tip,

taper, pitch, radial land, rake angle, and helical
angle
 Movement kinetics which includes torque,

rotational speed, rotation, reciprocation, and
adaptive motion.
Khasnis SA, Kar PP, Kamal A, Patil JD. Rotary science and its impact on
instrument separation: A focused review. J Conserv Dent 2018;21:116-24. 36
Torsional Failure
Torsion is the axial force of being twisted when one part of a file rotates at a different
rate than another part.
Any distortion of a file that results from twisting, such as un-winding, is caused by
stress of torsion.
37
Torsional failure is accompanied by an apparent deformation of a file
and the separation occurs as a result of slippage between the planes of
its crystalline boundaries, most often due to the excessive forces of
torsion.
38
What is torsion?
Torsion stress on a file is primarily the result of:
(1) Force of cutting, specifically, how effectively a chip is formed

and deflected from the wall of the canal,
(2) Force of screwing-in due to the spiralled blades that become

engaged in the wall of the canal without deflecting the chips that are
formed,
(3) force of abrasion of the non-cutting surface of the file against

the wall of the canal,
(4) Force of distortion resulting from rotating in curvatures, and
(5) Force the debris exerts on the wall of the canal as it accumulates
in the flutes. 39
Cyclic Fatigue
40
Relationships of the components of
file designs and
canal anatomies
A file with a more efficient cutting design

requires less torque, pressure or time to
accomplish root canal enlargement.
The torque required to rotate a file varies

directly with the surface area of the file’s
engagement in the canal
41
A file with a more efficient cutting design requires less
torque, pressure or time to accomplish root canal
enlargement.
42
The torque required to rotate a file varies directly with the
surface area of the file’s engagement in the canal
It is important know how much engagement

occurs with each advancement.
43
The more spirals a flute has per
unit length around the shaft of The fewer spirals a flute has per
a ground file, the less resistance unit length around the shaft of a
to torsion deformation ground file, the more it resists
there is, but the more flexible torsion deformation, but the
the file is. more rigid it is.
44
Degree of curvature & its impact on file
In a curved canal, the ability of

a file to resist fatigue has an
inverse relationship with the
square of its diameter.
Fatigue of a file increases with

the number of rotations of the
file in a curvature
Fatigue of a file increases with

the degree of curvature of the
canal.
45
The sharper the cutting blade
of a file, the fewer spirals per
unit length the file should
have.
The greater the number of

flutes with similar helix angles,
the greater tendency a file has
to screw into the canal and
become bound
46
History
47
History
48
• The first manual and mechanical rotary files
were formed from straight piano wire that had
flats ground on its sides and twisted to result in
the configuration of files still used today.
49
Introduction of Nickel-
Titanium
1991
Graduated Taper
1993
50
Parents design
K Gyro Quant
K File Unifile
Reamer File ec k-3
1900K File 1978
1904 1965 1996
1900
Vortex
HeRo
TF Mtwo
Edge
HyFlex F-360
Zendo
RaCe Recipro
Evolve c
Typhoon
51
Modification of
designs
60
Greater X-section area

52
without use of lands
Less Cross-section, Reduced Rake angle
And Increased debris removal 53
Eccentric rotation
Less X-Section
60
Increased debris
Removal
Increased Rake
Angle
Eccentric
Rotation
Vulnerable Tip
54
First-generation files
In 1994, Dr.Johnson introduced a line of files which became known as the ProFile
0.04 tapered series. Following soon after were the ProFile 0.06 tapers and the
“Orifice Shapers.” Their cross-sectional shapes were made by machining three
equally spaced U-shaped grooves around the shaft of a tapered NiTi wire
55
First
commercial
nickel
titanium
manual and
rotary files
were
introduced by
NT Co.
• In 1994, NT Co. also introduced the first series of nickel titanium rotary files
having multiple non-conventional tapers: the McXIM Series
• six graduating tapers ranging from the conventional 0.02 taper to a 0.05
taper file
(“An Initial Investigation of the Bending and the torsional
Properties of Nitinol Root Canal Files,”).Journal of
Endodontics, Volume 14,No.7, July 1988, pages 346-35156
LightSpeed
• Developed by Dr. Steve Senia and Dr. William

Wildey,
57
The Second Generation
What's New
ProTaper (Dentsply
Actively cutting edges without Tulsa)
radial lands K3 system
(SybronEndo)
Fewer Instruments EndoSequence
(Brasseler and
Active Cutting Edges BioRaCe (FKG
Mtwo-VDW,
Reduces the tendency for a Hero Shaper
screwing effect during use. -Micro-Mega
58
Triangular cross-section
Variable Helix Angle and New Non-cutting

Guiding tip 59
K3 system SybronEndo, Orange, CA
• Invented by Dr. McSpadden].
 Unique cross-sectional design
 A slightly positive rake
 Greater cutting efficiency,
 Wide radial lands,and a peripheral

blade relief for reduced friction
 Variable pitch and variable Core

diameter
 Which makes the file stronger close

to its apical tip.
60
https://nanoendo.com/ 61
RACE Files (Reamers With Alternating Cutting Edges)
Introduced in 1999 by FKG
 Standard RaCe set comprises 13

instruments with different tapers ranging
from .02 to .10 and ISO sizes ranging
from 15 to 40
RACE Files (Reamers With Alternating Cutting Edges)
Safety tip and triangular cross section
File has two cutting edges, first alternates

with second which has been placed different
angle. Alternating cutting edges help in
reducing working time decreasing operation
torque
It has variable pitch and helical angle

which prevents the file from screwing into the
canal
Electrochemical treatment of these files

provides better resistance to corrosion and
metal fatigue
Khasnis SA, Kar PP, Kamal A, Patil JD. Rotary science and its impact on instrument
separation: A focused review. J Conserv Dent 2018;21:116-24 64
THIRD GENERATION
What's New
Improvements in NiTi metallurgy
HyFlex CM (HyFlex;
Heat treatment Coltene Whaledent,),
K3XF
Thermo mechanical (SybronEndo, Orange, CA)
processing ProFile GT Series X
(GTX; Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties,
ProFile Vortex (Vortex) and Vortex
Blue (Dentsply
Tulsa), TYPHOON™ Infinite Flex
M-wire
NiTi(TYP CM;
Clinician’s Choice Dental Products, New Milford,
CT), and Twisted Files (TFs;
CM Wire SybronEndo) 65
• M-wire (SportsWire, Langley,
OK) was introduced in 2007.
• It is produced by applying a series of

heat treatments to NiTi wire blanks.
• The first commercially available

endodontic rotary system using the
new M-wire NiTi material was the GT
Series X files.
• M-wire instruments include

Dentsply’s ProFile GT Series X,
ProFile Vortex, and Vortex Blue.
66
Pro file Vs vs Vortex blue
The “blue-color” oxide surface layer
Non-landed cross-section of the vortex files
M-wire
FILE NAME: Vortex Blue

COMPANY: Dentsply Tulsa Dental
Specialties
MANUFACTURER: Dentsply Tulsa Dental
Specialties
MADE IN: USA
68
Vortex blue
FLUTES: 3 (triangular)
SPIRALS PER 16MM: 4
HELIX ANGLE: 23º
CUTTING ANGLE: (-)34º
DEBRIS REMOVING AREA: 45%
ROTATION TO FAILURE: 510º
PEAK TORQUE AT FAILURE: 63.08 gf/cm
FILE CORE AREA RELATIVE TO

CIRCUMFERENCE AREA: 55%
FILE CORE AREA RELATIVE TO FILE X-

SECTION AREA: 69%

69
CM WIRE
CM Wire (DS Dental, Johnson City, TN) is novel NiTi alloy with flexible properties
that was introduced to endodontics in 2010.
CM NiTi files are manufactured using a special thermomechanical process that

controls the memory of the material, making the files extremely flexible but without
the shape memory of other NiTi files
70
Hyflex CM
FILE NAME: HyFlex CM
COMPANY: Coltene
MANUFACTURER: D&S Dental
MADE IN: USA
WEBSITE: HyFlexCM.com

FLUTES: 3
SPIRALS PER 16MM: 2.4
HELIX ANGLE: 8.3º (at apical 1/3)


FILE CORE AREA RELATIVE TO FILE

X-SECTION AREA: 67%
71
72
FILE NAME: Twisted File
COMPANY: Kerr Sybron
MANUFACTURER: Kerr Sybron
MADE IN: USA
WEBSITE: kerrdental.eu.com
SIZE: 25/04
FLUTES: 3
SPIRALS PER 16MM: 4
HELIX ANGLE: 10º (at apical 1/3)
ROTATION TO FAILURE: 805º

FILE CORE AREA RELATIVE TO FILE X-

SECTION AREA: 62%
73
Fourth-generation files
What's New
Reciprocation
Single Shaping File
Initially, all reciprocating motors and related handpieces rotated files in large equal angles of
90° clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW) rotation.
M4 (SybronEndo), Endo-Eze AET (Ultradent), Endo-Express (Essential Dental Systems) are

examples of reciprocating systems that utilize small, equal 30° angles of CW/CCW.
In 2008, Dr. Ghassan Yared identified the precise unequal CW/CCW angles that
would enable a single reciprocating 25/0.08 ProTaper file to optimally shape
virtually any canal.
In 2011, both WaveOne (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties and Dentsply Maillefer) and
Reciproc (VDW) were launched as single-file shaping techniques.
74
Wave one
75
Wave-one Gold
76
Fifth-generation files
Whats New
ProTaper Next
Center of mass and/or the center of (PTN; Dentsply Tulsa Dental
rotation are offset. Specialties/
Design produce a mechanical wave of Revo-S, One Shape®
motion that travels along the active length of (Micro-Mega®, Besançon,
the file. France), Dentsply Maillefer).
77
ProTaper Next
Successor to the ProTaper Universal system
CHARACTERISTICS:
SIZE: X2 (.25 tip/0,04-1.2 taper)
FLUTES: 4 (rectangular)
SPIRALS PER 16MM: 3
HELIX ANGLE: 18.5º
DEBRIS REMOVING AREA: 46.4%
ROTATION TO FAILURE: 640º (bound
5.7mm from tip)
PEAK TORQUE AT FAILURE: 10.42
gf/cm
60 ̊ DEFLECTION: 3.97 g

CIRCUMFERENCE AREA: 42.9%
FILE CORE AREA RELATIVE TO FILE

X-SECTION AREA: 78%
78
Revo S
79
80
Asymmetrical cross section of the.
Inactive tip.
symmetrical cross section,

.04 taper allowing better penetration
81
Characteristics
Its equilateral section (3 identical
edges) ensures a perfect guidance of the
instrument up to the apical region of
the canal, owing to the balance of the
forces.
Respect of the canal anatomy to the

apical region is guaranteed by the
equilateral section of the SC2: no
zipping.
The excellent upward debris removal

minimises debris packing in the apical
region and beyond.
82
MAX Wire
83
MaxWire® Technology
Booster Tip 84
A universal NiTi-based instrument
measuring ISO 25 in diameter and with
zero taper (25/.00).
85
86
87
GOAL
The Goals of effective Technique
is to maximize efficacy while
minimizing stress
88
1. Advance a file into a canal with no more than 1
mm increments with insert and withdrawn motion
2. Advancement into canal should be to occur at a

rate of at approximately ½ mm per second with
each insertion without increasing the force of
insertion. If this cannot be done then change the
file.
3. When Changing the file always change to a file of

different taper
4. Engage not more than 6mm a file if engaged in

curvature(Exception : A Size 20/04 or smaller
5. In most of the curvature file diameter should be

limited to
.60 for .02
.55 for .04
.50 for .06
89
Advance a file into a
canal with no more
than 1 mm increments
with insert and
withdrawn motion
90
91
3.When changing file Always
change to file with different
taper
92
6mm 4.Engage not more than
6mm a file if engaged in
curvature(Exception : A Size
20/04 or smaller
We also know from our file / Anatomy

relationship that Fatigue of file increases
with the square of its diameter means size
40 is 4 × as likely to fatigue as size 20 and
will do twice s fast.
Any size greater than this

risks Failure unnecessarily
93
5.In most of the curvature file
diameter should be limited to
.60 for .02
.55 for .04
.50 for .06
Why is is necessary different tpers

to have different daiameter
limitation for file enagagging
curvature?
Remember resistance to
torsion increase's directly
with the square of files
diameter
94
95
Most Effective Sequence for maximizing efficacy
and minimizing risks durning instrumentation
incudes these 4 steps
1.DETERMINE THE LENGTH OF EACH CANAL THAT IS STRAIGHT.
2.ENLARGE THE STRAIGHT PORTION OF CANALS TO EXTENT

THAT ANY SUBSEQUENT FILE USED APICAL TO THIS PORTION
WILL NOT ENGAGE WITHIIN THE STRAIGHT PORTION
3.DETERMINE THE DISTANCE OF THE CURVATURE TO APEX

(WORKING LENGTH -STRAIGHT PORTION
4. DETERMINE THE FILE SIZE THAT CAN BE USED IN AND

BEYOND THE CURVATURE
96
CREATING A VISUAL IMAGE WITH
THE X RAY
Distance From First

curvatre to
apicalconstriction
Distance from Orifice to

first curvature or
constriction
Distance from
reference point to CEj
97
98
1 Determine the
terminus of the
coronal zone.
99
Determine the diameter needed in the final enlargement at the
terminus of the coronal zone.
2 0.60mm for a .02 taper, .

0.55mm for .04 taper, .
0.50mm for .06 taper, and
0.35mm for a .08 taper),
The exceptions to “routine” of course, is

any canal having an apical zone greater
than 6 mm, a curvature less than 45
degrees and a radius less than 8 mm.
100
Enlarge the apical zone to a size 25/.02.
101
Determine the diameter and taper permissible in the
final enlargement at the terminus of the Apical zone.
Length of file That can

7.5 mm
Diameter55
limitation
- 25Size
File
be advanced into apical =
zone
4
Taper
102
Enlarge the apical zone to the desired
dimensions permissible.
103
Bibliography
• Mastering Endodontic Instrumentation -John T McSpadden
• Khasnis SA, Kar PP, Kamal A, Patil JD. Rotary science and its
impact on instrument separation: A focused review. J Conserv
Dent 2018;21:116-24
• Koch, Ken and Dennis G Brave. “Real World Endo : Design
Features of Rotary Files and How They Affect Clinical
Performance.” (2002).
• Peters OA, Paque F. Current developments in rotary root canal
instrument technology and clinical use: a review. Quintessence
Int. 2010;41(6):479-488.
• Grande, Nicola & Plotino, Gianluca & Butti, A. & Buono, L..
(2005). Modern endodontic NiTi systems: Morphological and
technical characteristics part I: «New generation» NiTi
systems. Endod Ther. 5. 11-16.
104
• HYFLEX-CM_bro.pdf
• vortex-next-generation-rotary-file-technology
brochure
105

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Design Of Rotary Instruments

Mastering the concept

Post Graduate Discussion

To fully understand how the file reacts to applied

Mastering Endodontic Instrumentation -John T McSpadden 3

• Enhanced ability to collect and remove

• Reducing the incidence of ledging or

Mastering Endodontic Instrumentation -John T McSpadden 4

Stress—The deforming force measured across a given

 Elastic deformation—The reversible deformation that does not exceed

 Plastic deformation—Permanent bond displacement caused by exceeding

 Shape memory—The elastic limit is substantially higher than is typical of

 Plastic limit—The point at which the plastic deformed file breaks.

Although radiographs portraying desired

Breme HJ & Biehl V (1998) Metallic biomaterials. In:

NanoEndo endodontic files blog | Page 3 12

The working section (working part)

Mastering Endodontic Instrumentation -John T McSpadden 15

Mastering Endodontic Instrumentation -John T McSpadden 17

taper is usually expressed as the amount the file diameter

Mastering Endodontic Instrumentation -John T McSpadden 20

Taper of Root Canal instruments. D0 – instrument diameter at the

Cutting edge Flute

Land Leading edge

 Reduce screwing-in forces,

Rake angle (red line angle of left

The cutting angle is less negative

As forces that tend to deform a file are increasingly

Breakage occurs when the force of separation of the atoms

On a larger scale, the molecules of a metal are arranged in

 Manufacturing process, heat and surface

 Rotary design which includes cross section, tip,

 Movement kinetics which includes torque,

(1) Force of cutting, specifically, how effectively a chip is formed

(2) Force of screwing-in due to the spiralled blades that become

(3) force of abrasion of the non-cutting surface of the file against

(4) Force of distortion resulting from rotating in curvatures, and

A file with a more efficient cutting design

The torque required to rotate a file varies

It is important know how much engagement

In a curved canal, the ability of

Fatigue of a file increases with

Fatigue of a file increases with

The greater the number of

Greater X-section area

• Developed by Dr. Steve Senia and Dr. William

Variable Helix Angle and New Non-cutting

 Unique cross-sectional design

 A slightly positive rake

 Greater cutting efficiency,

 Wide radial lands,and a peripheral

 Variable pitch and variable Core

 Which makes the file stronger close

Introduced in 1999 by FKG

 Standard RaCe set comprises 13

Safety tip and triangular cross section

File has two cutting edges, first alternates

It has variable pitch and helical angle

Electrochemical treatment of these files

• It is produced by applying a series of

• The first commercially available

• M-wire instruments include

The “blue-color” oxide surface layer