GIS

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Sweet. Selangor Smart !!
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Guys
Goosh I’m
Speechless In
Suit
 GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION SYSTEM
 WHAT THIS LESSON COVERS?

 WHAT GIS??
 History of GIS
 GIS Capabilities
 The Need For GIS
 Components of GIS
 GIS data Structure
 GIS Data Types
 Creating GIS
 How to combine Geographical Information
 How Does GIS Works
 Combining Data
 The unique of GIS
 Benefits
 GIS Applications
 WHAT IS GIS?

And why does it matter for teaching?

“Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are fundamental tools for learning

geography. They provide a means of enquiring into geography through mapping. By
extending and deepening the way that maps are used to explore geographical issues,
GIS can re-emphasise the spatial dimension of geography, which is one of the
defining characteristics of our subject clarifying its unique role and importance in
the school curriculum. Using GIS therefore encourages pupils to think spatially, or
geographically.”

Source: http://www.geography.org.uk/projects/spatiallyspeaking/
 WHAT IS GIS?

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are a special class of information

systems that keep track not only of events, activities, and things, but also
of where these events, activities, and things happen or exist.
Source: Longley et al (2005) Geographic Information Systems and Science. 2nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.

A geographical information system (GIS) has the ability to store, retrieve,

manipulate and analyse a range of spatially related data.  With a GIS the
user may ask questions of data related to the map, search for patterns and
distributions and investigate the underlying relationships between different
sets of data.GIS handles data quickly and efficiently, proving mapping
facilities that may have taken many hours to complete manually.
Source: http://www.geographyteachingtoday.org.uk/fieldwork/info/teaching-technology/gis-and-maps-for-fieldwork-for-free/
Almost everything happens somewhere and in most cases, knowing where some
things happen is critically important.
Examples:
•Position of country boundaries
•Location of hospitals
•Routing delivery vehicles
•Management of forest stands
•Allocation of funds for sea defenses

Geographic location is an important attribute of activities, policies, strategies, and

plans.

Geographic problems involve an aspect of location, either in the information used to

solve them, or in the solutions themselves.
Several different definition:-

• “GIS is much more than a container of maps in digital form”.

• “A GIS is a computerized tool for solving geographic problems”
• “GIS is a spatial decision support system”
• “GIS is a mechanized inventory of geographically distributed
features and facilities”
• “GIS is a method for revealing patterns and processes in
geographic information”
• “GIS is a tool to automate time-consuming tasks that are too
tedious or expensive or inaccurate if performed by hand”
• “GIS is a collection of computer hardware, software, and
geographic data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying
all forms of geographically referenced information.”
 A GIS is similar, layering
mapped information in a
computer to help us view our
world as a system
 A Geographic Information System is a collection of tools
to build, maintain, and use electronic maps and associated
databases
 WHO USE GIS

• Transportation
• Teachers
• Real Estate professionals
• Consultants environments
• Foresters
• Planning strategies
• Police and Law enforcement agencies
• Health
• Market developers
• Local and Federal Government
• Industry
• Environmental engineers
 GIS CAPABILITIES ANALYSIS

 Location: What is at a particular location...?

• Where is it….?
 Condition: identify a location where certain
• conditions exist..?
 Trends: What has changed since...?
 Patterns: What things are related..?
 Modeling: What if…?
 THE NEED FOR GIS

The earth surface is a limited

resource
The real world has a lot of spatial
data;-  Rational decisions on space
utilization
Manipulation, analysis and modeling
can be effective and efficiently carried
out with a GIS  Fast and quality information in
decision making
The neighborhood of the intended
purchase of house

Location of historical sites to visit

GIS COMPONENTS
 DATA

 Data most important and expensive

 GIS incorporates geographical features with tabular data in order to map,

analyze, and assess real-world problems

 Data that is in some way referenced to locations on the earth. Attribute

data can be generally defined as additional information about each of the
spatial features.

 Entered into GIS using a technique called digitizing

 Digitizing is done by tracing the location, path or boundary of geographic

features either on a computer screen using a scanned map in the background
or a map that attached to a digitizing tablet.
• Time consuming and very tedious,
inaccurate if performed by hand

Tedious in mapping the

soil polygons, stream
and topographic
contours. (Why??)
 PEOPLE
 GIS users range from technical specialists who design and maintain the
system to those who use it to help them perform their everyday work.

 Everybody using GIS : student, police, environmentalist, economics,

business, engineers, biologists, forensics etc.

 To solve problem : solve the crime, biological outbreak

 To protect : plants and animals

 To tell interesting location: Bali, Vietnams, papa new guinea??

 HARDWARE

Scanner, plotting , printing

Digitizer
 SOFTWARE

• GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and display
geographic information. The Key components of GIS Software are:-

 Tools for entering and manipulating geographic information such as addresses or

political boundaries

 A database management system (DBMS)

 Tools that create intelligent digital maps you can

analyze, query for more information, or print for presentation

 An easy-to-use graphical user interface (GUI)

• Centralized computer servers to desktop used in standalone or networked configuration.

• Major GIS software
 ARCGIS ( ArcView 10.1)

• ArcView: ESRI, the producer of ArcView, has been an industry leader in the production
of GIS software and in the support of GIS education. Access ready-to-use ArcGIS for
Desktop Basic (formerly known as ArcView), which allows one to view spatial data,
create layered maps, and perform basic spatial analysis.

 GRASS GIS (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System)

 Google Map

 Google Earth

http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcview
 PROCEDURES

 A successful GIS operates according to a well-designed plan and

business rules, which are the models and operating practices unique to
each organization.

 Related to the management aspect of GIS, is referred to lines of

reporting, control points, and other mechanism for ensuring the high
quality of GIS.
 GIS DATA STRUCTURE

All geographic information is represented and managed using three primary

GIS data structures:

Feature classes
• A table with a shape field containing point, line or polygon geometries for geographic
features.

Attribute tables
• A collection of rows, each containing the same fields. Features classes are tables with
shape fields

Raster datasets
• Contains rasters which represent continous geographic phenomena
Attribute tables

Feature classes

Raster datasets
 GIS DATA TYPES

• Raster
• Raster data is a cell- based representation of map features.

• Satellite images, aerial photography and scanned images are all stored in raster
format.

• Digital Ortho Quarter Quaddrangle (DOQQ)

• Orthophotos combine the images characteristics of a photograph with the geometric

qualities of a map.

• DOQQ is useful as a layer of a geographic information system and as a tool for

digitizing and revising new and existing vector data.
Raster
 Orthophoto images

Black and white digital

Orthophoto images
Color Infra DOQQ
• Vectors

• Classified into 3 primary features types : polygon, lines and points

• Each point feature is represented as a single coordinate pair.

• While, line and polygon features are represented as ordered lists of points

• Vector data is entered into GIS by digitizing these features from a base map

• All vector data is stored as an x,y coordinates or a series of x,y coordinates.

Vector Raster
Theme Geographic representation
Streams Lines
Large water bodies Polygons
Vegetation Polygons
Urban areas Polygons

Road centerlines Lines

Administrative boundaries Polygons

Well locations Points
Orthophotography Rasters

Satellite imagery Rasters

DEM rasters
Contour lines
Surface elevation
Elevation points
Shaded relief rasters

Land parcels Polygons

Parcel tax records Tables
 CREATING GIS

 Essentially, geographic information states what is where.

 So to create geographic information, we have to record these two

elements somehow.

 They can be captured through many different types of observations,

measurements and surveys.

 Data can be sourced from aerial photography, satellite images, field

samples, land surveying, population censuses, global positioning
systems (GPS) and government administrative records among others.
 HOW TO COMBINE GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION
 If we are combining a number of different geographic information themes together, they
may be from different sources, in different formats and covering different study areas.

 Therefore, we need to use a system to deal with the *disparate sources and organize
them so that they can be combined.

 A Geographic Information System does just that It is a tool for the input of different
geographical information themes so that they can be stored, organized, displayed and
analyzed.

 It uses geography as the common denominator between separate themes so that they
can be combined.

 Its purpose is to provide answers to questions based on geographical data

 HOW GIS WORK

• GIS databases are often large and complex collections of

geographic features, and their corresponding attribute data.

• For example, the table below contains county-level population

statistics for the United States.

• This particular database contains over 3,000 records (one for

each county) and numerous columns of attributes, which
include population, income, crime, etc.
• Like, standard database management systems, a GIS provides
tools that enable a user to query, manipulate and summarize
large quantities of data.

• Additionally, a GIS enables you to link the tabular attribute

data with the mapped features so that you can visualize
patterns in the data across space.

• The graphic below shows all counties that have more than
1000 farms. The mapping capabilities of a GIS make it easier
to see patterns in the data.
It is not just the visualization of a database that makes a GIS so powerful but its ability to
combine multiple thematic layers for the purpose of answering complex questions.
Examples of thematic layers are roads, rivers or buildings to name a few. The ability to
combine these layers in a GIS allows us to answer questions like: "Where are all of the rivers
that are within 25 meters of a road?"
 COMBINING DATA

• One of the greatest advantages of using GIS is its capacity to

combine layers of data into a single map.

• The following graphics illustrate how multiple individual

layers (or themes) can be combined for the purpose of
performing complex queries.
These points represent surface water supply locations throughout
Pennsylvania.

Theme 1: Surface water intake

These lines represent Pennsylvania rivers.

Theme 2: Rivers
Pennsylvania county boundaries are represented by green polygons.

Theme 3: Counties
 The surface water intakes and rivers have been overlaid with the county
boundaries to produce a single digital map that can be printed or used as
input for both attribute and spatial queries. Layering data like this in a GIS
allows users to analyze features in one theme, relative to features in
another theme.
 THE QUERY
• A query is the same thing as a search. When you do a query, you are asking a database to find all of the
data that is related to the terms, phrases, or features that you choose.

• This is similar to how an internet search engine finds specific web pages when you type in the phrase
"mountain bikes", or a computerized library system finds specific books, magazines, or authors related to
"bluejays".

• With GIS, you query the system by asking a question, or series of questions, to the database system.

• It then displays the data that relates to your query as a new theme.

• Below is an example of what a query looks like. In this case, the question that the user wants to answer is;

• Which Surface Water Intakes are within .5 miles of a river?

• As we saw earlier, we have the Surface Water Supplies, Rivers, and County Boundaries all combined into
one digital map using GIS software.
Which Surface Water Intakes are within .5 miles of a river?
The GIS then displays the data which matches your query, or your search
criteria. In this case, the features highlighted in yellow are all the points
that are within .5 miles of a river.
Check the query by zooming into the view, and measure any of the surface water
intake points that are highlighted in yellow. One of the points measured .33 miles of
a river, so the query has been successful.
 THE UNIQUE OF GIS

• GIS handles SPATIAL information - information referenced by

its location in space.

• GIS makes connections between activities based on spatial

proximity.

• GIS stores related geographic features in separate collections of

files called map layers

• Map layers can be reused easily and assembled into any number
of map compositions and overlaid for analysis
 BENEFIT
Better Decision Making
GIS is the go-to technology for
making better decisions about
location.
Common examples include real
estate site selection, route selection.
Making correct decisions about
location is critical to the success of
an organization
Improved Communication:
GIS-based maps and
visualizations greatly assist in
understanding situations and in
storytelling.
They are a type of language that
improves communication between
different teams, departments,
disciplines, professional fields,
organizations, and the public
Better Recordkeeping: Managing Geographically:

GIS is becoming essential to understanding

Many organizations have a what is happening—and what will happen
primary responsibility of —in geographic space.
maintaining authoritative
• Geospatial data are better maintained in
records about the status and a standard format.
change of geography and GIS
provides a strong support. • Revision and updating are easier.

• Geospatial data and information are

GIS provides a strong easier to search, analysis and represent.
framework for managing these
types of records with full • Geospatial data can be shared and
exchanged freely.
transaction support and
reporting tools. • Time and money are saved.
 GIS CAN BE USED TO

• Solve crime mapping

• Planning strategies
• Predict outcomes
• Create “smart” maps
• Visualize scenarios
• Integrate information
• Planning development
• Present powerful ideas.
Question??

Thank you