Evolution of Mobile and Wireless

Communication
Salahadin Seid
salubinseid@gmail.com
salahadin.seid@kiot.edu.et
Evolution

Success of mobile and wireless communication is beyond its most optimistic
initial expectations.

A vision with to use a single communication device with a motto “anytime
anywhere”
Evolution

Success of mobile and wireless communication is beyond its most optimistic
initial expectations.
Year 1G 2G 3G 4G, LTE 5G
Release year 1980s~ 1990s~ 2000s~ 2010s~ 2020~
 # of 20 million (0.5%) 700 million 18 billion (27 %) 70 billion ~(Over ?
subscribers (11%) 100%)

Voice Analoge Type Digital Type Digital Type VoLTE (Data type)

Transmission  FM Digital

SMS X O O O

MMS X X O O

Video call x x O O

Data rate X 14.4 kbps ~ 384kbps ~ 100 Mbps ~ 1Gbps

384kbps 10Mbps
Evolution …
1G
 AT&T’s Bell labs invented early 1G system
 Early 1970s
 Deployed in the early 1980s
 NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony) 1981 - 
 TACS (Total Access Communication System) 1983 -
England, Ireland and Japan 
 AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) 1983 - USA,
South Korea and Australia 
 Each these three systems did not communicate each
other. 
1G …
 Voice only
 Analog cellular phones / Analog signal
 AT&T designed cellular structure to reuse frequency
 No two adjacent cells use the same frequency
1G …
 Key technologies
 Cellular structure – It is the most important development in
mobile communication history
 AT&T Bells lab invented the cellular concept
1G …
 Key technologies
 FDMA – Frequency Division Multiple Access
1G …
 Drawback of 1G
 Large size
 Poor battery
 Poor voice quality
 No security
 Expensive service fee
Frequency Reuse
 D = minimum distance between centers of cells that use the same
band of frequencies (called co-channels)
 R = radius of a cell
 d = distance between centers of adjacent cells (d = R√3)
 N = number of cells in repetitious pattern (Cluster)
 Reuse factor
 Each cell in pattern uses unique band of frequencies
 Hexagonal cell pattern, following values of N possible
N = I2 + J2 + (I x J), I, J = 0, 1,2,3, …
 Possible values of N are 1, 3, 4, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16, 19, 21, ...
 Reuse Ratio = Distance/Radius = D/R= √3N
 D/d = √N
Frequency Reuse example
 What would be the minimum distance between the
centers of two cells with the same band of frequencies if
cell radius is 1 km and the reuse factor is 12?
 Solution
 D/R = √3N
 D = (3 x 12 ) ½ x 1km = 6km
Homework
 The distance between cell centers with the same
frequency band is required to be more than 6 km. What is
the cell radius for the cluster size of 12.
Frequency reuses Notation
 N×S×K frequency reuse pattern
 N=Number of cells per cluster
 S= Number of sectors in a cell
 K = Number of frequency allocations per cell
Frequency reuses Notation …
Homework
 Label the frequency reuse patterns below.
References
 https://www.cse.wustl.edu/~
jain/cse574-16/ftp/j_15cel.pdf