 History

 A local area network [LAN] is a data communication system that

allow a number of independent device to communicate directly
with each other in a limited geographic area .
 Ethernet ,Token Bus, Token Ring are standard of the IEEE and
are part of its Project 802.
 Project 802 set standards to enable intercommunication between
equipment from a variety of manufacturers.
 Project 802 doesn’t seek to replace any part of the OSI model ,
instead it is a way of specifying functions of Physical layer , the
Data link layer, and to a lesser extend , the network layer to allow
inter connectivity of major LAN procotols .
 IEEE has subdivided the data link layer in to two sub layers
1) Logic Link Control [LLC]
2) Medium Access control [MAC]
 Developed by Bob Metcalfe at Xerox PARC in mid-1970

 Standardized by Xerox, DEC, and Intel in 1978

 LAN standards define MAC and physical layer connectivity

▪ IEEE 802.3 (CSMA/CD - Ethernet) standard – originally 2Mbps

▪ IEEE 802.3u standard for 100Mbps Ethernet
▪ IEEE 802.3z standard for 1,000Mbps Ethernet
 Whenever multiple users have unregulated access to a
single line ,there is a danger of signal overlapping and
destroying each other , such overlap , which turn the signals
in to unusable noise are called collision.

 The access mechanism used in an ethernet is called

carrier sense multiple access with collision detection
[CSMA/CD] .

 CSMA/CD is the result of evolution from multiple access

[MA] to carrier sense multiple access [CSMA] and finally to
CSMA/CD.
 In Multiple Access there was no provision for traffic coordination , the
access to the line was open to any node at any time ,with the
assumption that the odd of two devices , access at same time were
small enough to be unimportant.

 In CSMA system any work station wishing to transmit must first listen
for existing traffic on the line. A device listen by checking for a
voltage , if no voltage is detected , the line is considered idle and the
transmission is initiated.

 In CSMA/CD the station wishing to transmit first listen to make

certain the link is free , then transmits its data , then listen again. If
collision is detected , the station quits the current transmission and
waits for a predetermined amount of time for the line to clear ,then
send its data again.
 Packet?
No

Sense Send Detect

Carrier Collision

Yes
Discard
Packet Jam channel
attempts < 16 b=CalcBackoff();
wait(b);
attempts++;
attempts == 16
Collisions are caused when two adaptors transmit at the same time (adaptors
sense collision based on voltage differences)
• Both found line to be idle

A starts at A B
time 0
Message almost
A B
there at time T when
B starts – collision!
 Send jamming signal after collision is detected to insure all hosts see
collision
 48 bit signal
 802.3 MAC Frame

7 1 2 or 6 2 or 6 2 4
Destination Source
Preamble SD Length Information Pad Crc
 Address Address
Synch Start 64 to 1518
frame bytes

0 Single address • Destination address is either single

address
or group address (broadcast = 111...111)
1 Group address

0 Local address
• Addresses are defined on local or
universal basis
1 Global address • 246 possible global addresses
 PREAMBLE :- It is the first field of the frame it consist of seven
bytes of alternate zero and one it alerts the receving node to the
coming frame and enable it to synchronize.

 SFD :- The second field(10101011) it is one byte long .The SFD

tells the receiver that everything that follows it is data

 Destination Address -: The third field it is 6 byte long and contain

the physical address of the packets next destination.
 Source Address :- the fourth field it is also 6 bytes long contain the
physical address of the last node that forward the packet

 Length-: The fifth field of the frame it is 2 byte long .it indicates the
nums. Of bytes in coming DATA.

 Data-: The sixth field is the data field and it is 46 to 1500 bytes long.

 CRC -: The last field of the frame it is 4 byte long used for error
detection
 Name Segment Cable
Length (Max.)

10Base5 500m / 1640ft. RG-8 or RG-11

coaxial

10Base2 185m / 606ft. RG 58 A/U or RG

58 C/U coaxial

10Base-T 100m / 328ft. Category 3 or

better unshielded
twisted pair
 10Base5 - Uses Thicknet coaxial cable which requires
a transceiver with a vampire tap to connect each
computer. There is a drop cable from the transceiver
to the Attachment Unit Interface (Aui). The AUI may
be a DIX port on the network card. There is a
transceiver for each network card on the network. This
type of ethernet is subject to the 5-4-3 rule meaning
there can be 5 network segments with 4 repeaters,
and three of the segments can be connected to
computers. It uses bus topology. Maximum segment
length is 500 Meters with the maximum overall length
at 2500 meters. Minimum length between nodes is 2.5
meters. Maximum nodes per segment is 100.
 10Base2 - Uses Thinnet coaxial cable. Uses a BNC
connector and bus topology requiring a terminator at
each end of the cable. The cable used is RG-58A/U or
RG-58C/U with an impedance of 50 ohms. RG-58U is
not acceptable. Uses the 5-4-3 rule meaning there can
be 5 network segments with 4 repeaters, and three of
the segments can be connected to computers. The
maximum length of one segment is 185 meters. Barrel
connectors can be used to link smaller pieces of cable
on each segment, but each barrel connector reduces
signal quality. Minimum length between nodes is 0.5
meters.
 10BaseT - Uses Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
cable. Uses star topology. Shielded twisted pair
(STP) is not part of the 10BaseT specification. Not
subject to the 5-4-3 rule. They can use category
3, 4, or 5 cable, but perform best with category 5
cable. Category 3 is the minimum. Require only 2
pairs of wire. Cables in ceilings and walls must be
plenum rated. Maximum segment length is 100
meters. Minimum length between nodes is 2.5
meters. Maximum number of connected segments
is 1024. Maximum number of nodes per segment
is 1 (star topology). Uses RJ-45 connectors.
 Data Communication and Networking
(second edition)
Behrouz A. Forouzan

 Internet Working With TCP/IP

(Fifth edition)
Douglas E. Comer

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet