Outline

•Nature of Wind load on structures

•Wind load effects
•Factors affecting wind load
•EBCS1,1995 Wind load Recommendation
 Nature of wind loading
•Wind represents masses of air moving mainly horizontally
(parallel to the ground) from areas of high pressure to ones of
low pressure
• Wind generates pressures on external (and also internal)
surfaces of structures
• The main effect of wind is a horizontal loading of buildings
(especially high-rise)
• The effect of the wind on the structure (i.e. the response of the
structure), depends on the size, shape and dynamic properties of
the structure.
 Nature of wind On buildings
Turbulent flow of wind on longitudinal and trasverse sides of
high-rise buildings
 Nature of wind On buildings
Turbulent flow on high-rise buildings due to upwind
obstructions
Wind flow on gabled roof buildings showing
turbulence on leeward roof and walls

5
 Wind’s basic pressure

Dynamic part of
Bernoulli’s basic
equation

q 1 V 2
2

6
 Different calculations for design wind
speeds and dynamic pressures

Standard Speed Pressure Building

Pressure/Force
ISO 4354 q ref  1  V 2 W   qref   C exp  C fig  Cdyn 
V 2
CUBiC V q ref  1
2
 V 2 
W  q ref Cexp Cfig Cdyn 
ENV 1991-2-4 Vref  Cdir CtemCaltVref ,0 q ref  1
2
 Vref  2
We  q ref Cexp  Ze  C pe

DRBC-03 V 3s  gust  q z  12 K z K zt K d IV 2  
p  q z GCp  q h GCpi  
UH  UgEf EgR 2
AIJ qh  1
2
 U H Wf  q h Cf G f A

AS1170.2-89 Vz  Vz,cat M s M t M i q h 1 Vz2 Pe  C p,e K a K l K pq z

2
BNSCP28 V q 12
  VS S S
1 2 3  2
P  qC pe

7
Effects of terrain roughness and
height on wind speeds

500
Zg=Heightwindgradient

400

1/7

V Z 1/9.6
Zg Z
V
300
Zg

100

50
10

EXPOSUREB- EXPOSUREC-
FOREST, SUBURB OPENSOIL

8
 Topographic effect showing wind
velocity increase

z z

z V (z) z V (z)
speed up
speed up
x x x
( w in d w a r d ) x ( w in d w a r d ) ( le e w a r d )
( le e w a r d ) V (z)
V (z)
H/2 H/2
H H
L H/2 L H/2
m m

H ill E sca rp m e n t

9
 Sketch showing effects of topography on wind
velocity on a hilly island

Vg 100

Speed up
120
Vs

Vg 100 100 100

Vg Vg

80 60
Vs Vs 40
10 m

Open sea Wind ward Speed up over Sheltered leeward

Coast hill crest coast

10
Pressure coefficients on high- rise
buildings

Pressure
keeps constant
- 0.6 with height
- 0.5 - 0.6
(Leeward)
- 0.6 - 0.6
- 0.6
ROOF
0.9
0.8
- 0.5
0.7 WIND
- 0.6

- 0.6
0.6 Pressure varies
- 0.5 with
- 0.5 height
0.5 (Wind ward)

- 0.6
0.4
- 0.7

0.3

0.30.3
0.4 0.4 D
IN
SIDE FRONT BACK W

11
Design pressure diagram on gabled roof
building

q hGCp q hGCp


q z GCp

Wind h
direction
z q hGCp

12
Design pressure diagram on gabled roof
building

13
Design pressure diagram on gabled roof
building

14
Design pressure diagram on gabled roof
building

15
Basic value of mean wind velocity
•The fundamental value of the basic wind velocity, Uref, is
the characteristic 10 minutes mean wind
velocity,irrespective of wind direction and time of year, at
10 m above ground level in open country terrain with low
vegetation such as grass and isolated obstacles with
separations of at least 20 obstacle heights.
• Basic values of wind velocity are determined for annual
probabilities of exceedence of 0.02, which is equivalent to
a mean return period of 50 years.
• For design purposes, basic values of wind velocity are
obtained from Building Codes (EBCS1,1995),Vref=22m/s
and in some countries Wind speed map.
 Reference wind pressure

Reference wind pressure qref is the wind pressure corresponding to

the basic value of the mean wind velocity Uref

where:
r is the air density, which depends on altitude,
temperature, latitude and season. In Ethiopia Vref=22m/s
 Reference wind pressure

Mean wind velocity: gradient height

•The mean wind velocity at great heights above the ground is constant and
it is called the gradient wind speed.
•Near the ground the mean wind velocity is decreasing much due to
frictional forces caused by the terrain, being equal with zero at the
ground level.
•There is a boundary layer within which the wind speed varies from
zero to the gradient wind speed (mean wind velocity increases with
height).
Mean wind velocity: gradient height
 Mean wind velocity: gradient height

The thickness of the boundary layer (gradient height) depends on the ground
roughness. Larger the roughness, larger the gradient height.
Mean wind velocity: terrain categories
Mean wind velocity: terrain categories
 Mean wind velocity: terrain categories

Terrain roughness is described aerodynamically by the roughness length,

z0, expressed in meters. It represents a measure of the dimensions of eddies
of turbulent wind at the ground surface.
 Wind pressure at height z

Effect of topography
 Wind pressure at height z

Effect of topography