Personality And Personal

Effectiveness

Prof .Ritu Saxena

Institute of Technology and Science, Ghaziabad
Concept

• The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interact

with others.
• Personality refers to the relatively stable pattern of behaviors and
consistent internal states explain a person’s behavioural
tendencies.
• Personality is a set of traits and behaviors that characterize an
individual.
• A trait is a characteristic way in which an individual perceives ,
feels, believes or acts.
• Example
Personality Determinants
Heredity
Environment
Culture
Situation
Family and Social Background
Determinants
• Heredity: refers to those factors that were determined at conception
,physical structure,gender,energy level etc.
• Environment: Among the factors that exert pressures on our
personality formation are the culture in which we are raised ,our early
conditioning the norms among our family, friends and social groups.
• Situation: Influence the effects of heredity and environment on
personality. An individual ‘s generally stable and consistent, does
change in different situations.
• Example 2
 Theories Of Personality
Psychometric Theories of Personality
• Sixteen Personality Factors (16 P-F) (Cattel)
• Big Five
• FIRO-B

Psychodynamic Theories of Personality

• Sigmund Freud
• Carl Jung and MBTI
• Transactional Analysis

Lifestyle-based Theories of Personality

• Type A vs Type B
• Enlarging vs Enfolding
• Personality-Job Fit
 S. No Factors Bipolar Dimensions of
Personality’

1 Warmth: Outgoing vs reserved

2 Reasoning: More intelligent vs less

intelligent
3 Emotional stability: Emotionally stable vs unstable
Sixteen
4 Dominance: Assertive vs humble
Personality
5 Liveliness: Happy-go-lucky vs sober Factors
(16 P-F)
6 Rule-consciousness Conscientious vs expedient
7 Social boldness: Venturesome vs timid
(Cattel)

8 Sensitivity: Tough-minded vs sensitive

9 Vigilance: Suspicious vs trusting

10 Abstractedness: Imaginative vs practical

11 Privateness: Shrewd vs forthright
12 Apprehension Apprehensive vs self-assured
13 Openness to change: Experimental vs conservative
1
Big Five Personality Model
• Emotional stability
• Extroversion
• Openness
• Agreeableness
• Conscientiousness
 The Big Five Model of Personality (Digman)

Extraversion: One’s comfort level with relationships:

talkative, outgoing, sociable, gregarious, and assertive
Agreeableness: One’s inclination to defer to others:, Good-
natured, cooperative, warm, caring and trusting

Conscientiousness: One’s reliability regarding responsibility;

Responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.

Emotional Stability: One’s ability to withstand stress; Calm, self-

confident, secure (positive) versus nervous, depressed, and
insecure (negative).

Openness to Experience: One’s range of interests and fascination

with novelty: Imaginativeness, artistic, sensitivity, and curious.

1
How Big Five Traits Influence OB
Big Five Traits Why It is relevant What doe it affect?
Emotional Stability (calm, self Less negative thinking and fewer High job and life satisfaction
confident, positive versus negative emotions Lower stress level
nervous, depressed and
insecure)

Extroversion (Sociolable and Better interpersonal skills Higher performance

assertative) Greater social dominance Enhanced leadership
Moe emotionally expressive Higher job and life satisfaction

Openness Increased learning Training performance

More creative Enhanced leadership
More flexible and autonomous More adaptable to change

Agreeableness Good natured, Better liked Higher performance,

Coperative,trusting More complaint Lower level of deviant behavior
conforming

Conscientiousness responsible, Greater effort and persistence Higher performance

dependable, persistent and More drive and discipline Enhanced leadership
organized Better organized and planning Greater longevity
FIRO-B

• Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behaviour

• By William Schutz
• A trait Psychometric
• 93% reliable
• Describes/Predicts behaviour
Example

• Kiran Mazumdar Shaw,chairman and Managing

Director of Biocon Ltd, is a pioneer in the
Indian biotechnology industry. Her clarity of
thinking vision, perseverance and commitment
to quality has transformed Biocon founded in
1978,with a capital of Rs 10,000 into a globally
respected brand with a turnover in millions.
 FIRO-B
Objectives Of FIRO-B
• To construct a measure of how an individual acts in interpersonal situations
and

• To construct a measure that will lead to the prediction of interaction

between people.
Basic needs

• There are three basic needs :

Inclusion
Control
Affection
• These three basic needs have two dimensions:
Expressed Behaviour
Wanted Behaviour
Contd..(William Schutz)
Inclusion Control Affection
Expressed Expressed Expressed Control Expressed
Behaviour Inclusion I control People Affection
I initiate I act close and
interaction I want people to
be
personal
Wanted Behaviour Wanted Inclusion Wanted Control Wanted Affection
I want to be I want to be I want people to
included controlled be

close and personal

to me
Benefits of FIRO-B
• Individual development
• Team building and development
• Selection and placement
• Relationship building
 The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: A personality test that taps

four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16
personality types.

Personality Types
• Extroverted vs Introverted (E or I)
• Sensing vs Intuitive (S or N)
• Thinking vs Feeling (T or F)
• Judging vs Perceiving (P or J)

1
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Extroversion vs. Introversion

Sensing vs. Intuition

Thinking vs. Feeling

Judging vs. Perceiving


Aspects
 Source of Energy
 Extraversion (E)
 Introversion (I)
 Collecting Information
 Sensing (S)
 Intuiting (N)
 Decision Making
 Thinking (T)
 Feeling (F)
 Understanding the world
 Judging (J)
 Perceiving (P)
1
MBTI Framework
Characteristics
Outgoing: speaks, and then thinks. Relates more easily to the outer world of
people and things than to the inner world of ideas.
Reflective: thinks, and then speaks. Relates more easily to the inner world
of ideas than to the outer world of people.
Practical, concrete. Would work with known facts than look for
possibilities and relationships.
Theoretical, abstract. Would look for possibilities and relationships than
work with known facts
Analytical, head. Relates more on interpersonal analysis and logic than on
personal values
Subjective, heart. Relies more on personal values than on impersonal
analysis and logic
Structured, organized. Likes a planned and orderly way of life than a
flexible spontaneous way
Flexible, spontaneous. Likes a flexible, spontaneous way than a planned and
orderly way of life.
Combination of Four Jungian Aspects for 16
Personality Types

ISTJ ESTJ INTJ ENTJ

ISTP ESTP INTP ENTP

ISFJ ESFJ INFJ ENFJ

ISFP ESFP INFP ENFP

1
MBTI Contd..
• These classifications describe 16 personality types by identifying one
trait from each of the four pairs.
• MBTI is widely used by organization including Infosys, Citigroup,
GE,3M Co and many hospitals and educational institutes.
 Type A and Type B Personality Types

Type A
1. are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly;
2. feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place;
3. strive to think or do two or more things at once;
4. cannot cope with leisure time;
5. are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in terms of
how many or how much of everything they acquire.

Type B
1. never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying
impatience;
2. feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or
accomplishments;
3. play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their superiority
at any cost;
4. can relax without guilt.

1
 Enlarging and Enfolding Personality Types

 Enlarging: associated with career/job success; goals of motivation;

self-improvement/development; growth; non-traditional; moves to
influential position; likely to read, keep up with current events

 Enfolding: associated with less career/job success; goals of

tradition; stability; inner strength; values parental ties, is not
member of any social or community group; does not join any
program for self-improvement/development

1
 Personal Effectiveness

Dimensions of Personal Effectiveness

1. Self-disclosure
2. Use of feedback
3. Perceptiveness
Categories of Personal Effectiveness

S. Category Self- Openness Perceptiveness

No. disclosure to feedback
1 Effective High High High
2 Insensitive High High Low
3 Egocentric High Low Low
4 Dogmatic High Low High
5 Secretive Low High High
6 Task obsessed Low High Low
7 Lonely-empathic Low Low High
8 Ineffective Low Low Low
1
 Emotions
• Emotion is a neural impulse that moves an organism to action.
Emotions have three components: cognitive, physiological
component, and conative or expressive.
1. Cognitive component includes the conscious experience of
emotions, and the way we 'label' our emotions.
2. Physiological component includes emotional arousal.
Different emotions have different arousals. For example,
fear, anger, and sadness increase heart rate; anger raises
blood pressure; embarrassment is shown in blushing.
3. Expressive component includes body language (gaze,
gestures, posture, and walk).

1
 Primary and Secondary Emotions
• Primary emotions are those that we feel first, as a first
response to a situation, e.g. fear, anger, sadness, and
happiness etc.
• Secondary emotions appear after primary emotions.
They may be caused directly by them—for example,
where the fear of a threat turns to anger that fuels the
body for a fight reaction.

1
 Emotional Intelligence

• Emotional intelligence is a type of social

intelligence that involves the ability to monitor
emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use the
information to guide one’s thinking and actions.
• It may be categorized into five domains:
1. Self-awareness
2. Managing emotions
3. Motivating oneself
4. Empathy
5. Handling relationships

1
THANK YOU