ANCHORAGE

N.MOTHI KRISHNA
II MDS
DEPARTMENT OF
ORTHODONTICS
 CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Definition
• Classification of anchorage
• Methods to control anchorage
• Anchorage planning
• Anchorage loss
• Anchorage consideration in various appliances
• Conclusion
INTRODUCTION:

• An important aspect of treatment is maximizing the tooth

movement that is desired, while minimizing undesirable side
effects.

• In planning orthodontic therapy, it is simply not possible to

consider only the teeth whose movement is desired, reciprocal
effects throughout the dental arches must be carefully
analyzed, evaluated & controlled.
 DEFINITIONS:
• Nature & degree of resistance to displacement offered by an an atomic
unit when used for the purpose of effecting tooth movement [Graber].

• Resistance to unwanted tooth movement [Profitt]

• Base against which orthodontic or reaction of orthodontic force is

applied(Louis ottofy)

• Resistance to displacement (MOYER’S)

• The amount of movement of posterior teeth(premolars, molars) to close

the extraction space in order to achieve desired treatment goals.(NANDA)

• Anchorage is defined as source which can resist the reaction of

orthodontic forces.(Stoner)
 Relationship of tooth movement to force

• The important concept for anchorage control would

be to concentrate the force needed to produce the
tooth movement where it is desired and dissipate the
reaction force over as many other teeth as possible.

• The optimum force level for orthodontic movement

is the lightest force and resulting pressure that
produces a near maximum response. Force greater
than that would be traumatic as well as unnecessarily
stressful to anchorage.
Classification of Anchorage (According to moyers)
 1.According to the manner of force application

Simple anchorage
Resistance to tipping that
is the anchor tooth is free to tip
during movement. Dental
anchorage in which the manner
and application of force tends
to displace or change axial
inclination of the tooth or teeth
that form the anchorage unit in
the plane of space in which the
force is being applied.
Stationary anchorage
Resistance to bodily
movement that is the anchor
tooth is permitted to translate
only.
It is obtained by pitting
bodily movement of one group of
teeth against tipping of another.
Eg Retraction of maxillary incisors
using the first molar as anchor
unit.
Reciprocal anchorage
• Anchorage in which resistance of one or more dental units is
utilized to move one or more opposite dental units.
• Reciprocal anchorage require the same PDL area over which
force was distributed. Eg. Hyrax , Intermaxillary elastics, Cross
bite elastics for the correction of single teeth cross bite, Finger
springs for the correction of midline diastema, Arch expansion
using coffin spring.
2.According to the jaws involved
• Intra–maxillary
-Anchorage in which resistant units are all situated within the
same jaw. Intramaxillary is obviously intraoral, and it may be reciprocal ,
simple or stationary Eg: TPA , Lingual arch,Class I elastics ,Use of mini
implants in the same arch.

Intermaxillary
-Anchorage in which units situated in one jaw is used to effect the
tooth movement in the opposite jaw. Intermaxillary being reciprocal,
embodies both simple and stationary factors and is intraoral and is
obviously a form of multiple anchorage Eg: ClassII ,Class III elastics.
3.According to the site of Anchorage
Intra oral Anchorage
-anchorage in which the resistant units and the teeth
being moved are contained within the oral cavity .eg. teeth,
palate, Inclined plane
INTRAORAL SITES
I .ALVEOLAR BONE
Adequate bone support is required for the selection of
anchorage
II.TEETH
• Roots form, Size of the roots, Number of roots, Position of
tooth, Axial inclination of the teeth, Root formation., Contact
points and Intercuspation are the factors which decide anchor
value of a tooth .

III.BASAL BONE
• Certain areas of basal bone like hard palate in the anterior
region and lingual surface of the mandible provides
anchorage. Eg. Lingual arch,Nance palatal arch
IV.CORTICAL BONE
• Ricketts introduced the idea of using cortical bone for
anchorage. The contention being that the cortical bone is denser
with decreased blood supplies and the bone turn over. Hence, if
certain tooth torqued to come in contact with the cortical bone
they would have a greater anchorage potential.
• Eg .Buccal root torque in molars prevents loss of anchorage

V.MUSCULATURE
• Hypertoncity of the perioral musculature enhances the
anchorage potential of the mandibular molars preventing their
mesial movement .Eg:Lip bumper.
 EXTRAORAL ANCHORAGE
• Extra oral anchorage in which one of the anchor units is
situated outside the oral cavity. The use of cranial ,occipital,
cervical areas to bolster the intraoral resistance units is one of
the oldest form of orthodontic therapy. Extra oral anchorage
is used to correct basal or maxillomandibular jaw
relationships this would be classII and class III.
 Cervical Headgear
• Bending the outer bow downward
• when the outer bow is bent downwards:
• Forces that are produced are
– Positive moment on the occlusal plane is seen that tends
to steepen the occlusal plane since the pull is below the
Cres.
– Extrusive force and a distalising force.

– When the outer bow and inner bow are in the same level,
no moment is produced and there is a net distalising and
extrusive force.

Biomechanics in orthodontics. Marcotte M R.

 Cervical Headgear
• Bending the outer bow of the facebow upward
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF THE OUTER BOW

when the outer bow is bent upwards:

• The forces that are produced are
– A distalising force to the upper teeth, which is good for
correction of class II relation.
– When the outer bow is bent upwards, bringing it down to
the occlusal plane tends to produce a negative moment
that flattens the occlusal plane. Hence the steepening
effect of the cervical headgear is nullified.
Biomechanics in orthodontics. Marcotte M R.
CERVICAL ANHORAGE
WITH LOW-PULL HEADGEAR ` Translation

Clockwise
Rotation

Anti-clockwise
Rotation
 Occipital Head gear

Headgear that fits over the occiput of the head.

There are three different designs.
• One that go around the ears .The head straps are arranged
so that the pull is parallel to the occlusal level from high
cervical to the top of ears and they are customised.
• High cervical headgear: The head gear straps are positioned
from the head to the outer bow so that the pull is between
upper and lower ears.
• True occipital: Occipital type
Interlandi type
Combee type
 INTERLANDI TYPE

This type of harness arrangements consists of an occipito-

cervical combination strap along with a small C- shaped
plastic ring into which are placed small notches for the
elastics. The level of force is determined by which of the
notches is used to connect the elastic to the outer bow
hooks.
 COMBINATION HEADGEAR
• Combination headgears have both
occipital and cervical traction
springs.

• This is perhaps the most versatile

type because the pull can be readily
controlled by selecting the force
level of the springs and by
controlling the length of the outer
bow.
 Unilateral facebow
There are four types of unilateral facebow
• Power-arm facebow
• Soldered –offset facebow
• Swivel offset facebow
• Spring attached facebow

Hershey AJODO March 1981;Unilateral facebow a theoretical and laboratory analysis.

Distal force delivery by various facebow

Various studies concluded that

power arm type and swivel type
facebow are effective in
applying distal force compared
to soldered type and spring
attachment type.
 Reverse pull headgear
• There are two methods of force application
a. Intra oral point of force application that is from intraoral
appliance or a splint. The point of force application is in the
cuspid area. This causes anticlockwise rotation of the
maxilla(Upward rotation of the anterior end of the maxilla
and downward rotation of the posterior end).
b. Extra oral method of force application by modified
protraction headgear in this the crossbar is in line with
centre of resistance of maxilla preventing any rotation and
used in open bite cases.
Petit facemask

Tubinger facemask
Delaire facemask
 Chin cup
– Chin cup in controlling excess mandibular growth are 2
types
– vertical pull chin cup in patients with steep mandibular
plane angle and excessive lower facial height.
– cervical pull chin cup in mild to moderate mandibular
prognathism
The ideal patient for chin cup or functional appliance treatment of
excessive mandibular growth has:
• A mild skeletal problem, with the ability to bring the incisors end-
to-end or nearly so
• Short vertical face height
• Normally positioned or protrusive, but not retrusive, lower
incisors.

Direction of force application

• Below the condyle –causing downward and backward rotation of
mandible.
• Through the condyle –restrict and redirect mandibular growth
 Occipital Chin Cup :

• The occipital-pull chin cup is the more frequently used type of

chin cup treatment for Class III malocclusion.

• This chin cup is indicated in instances of mild to moderate

mandibular prognathism and is best initiated during the late
deciduous or early mixed dentition.

• The occipital-pull chin cup also is indicated in patients who have

normally positioned or slightiy protrusive mandibular incisors.

• Because the chin cup generates some force against the soft
tissue in the chin region, some backward tipping of the
mandibular incisors often is observed.
 Vertical pull chin cup
• Vertical-pull chin cups are applicable not only in Class III patients
with anterior open bite tendencies but also can be used in patients
who have an increased anterior vertical dimension.
• Pearson has reported that the use of a vertical-pùll chin cup can
result in a decrease in the mandibular plane and gonial angles and
an increase in posterior facial height, in comparisoin to the growth
of untreated individuals.
 MUSCULAR ANCHORAGE

Anchorage derived from the action of muscles e.g. vesibular shields, Lip bumper
4. According to the number of anchorage Units

Single or primary anchorage

Anchorage involving only one tooth

Compound anchorage
-Anchorage involving two or more teeth.

Reinforced Anchorage or Multiple anchorage

-The addition of non dental anchor sites e.g. Mucosa , Muscle,
Head
 Reinforced Anchorage
• The reaction force over the anchor unit is distributed over a
larger PDL area by adding more reistance units to reinforce
the anchorage.
• This reduces pressure on anchor units
• Eg.Second molar banding ,nance holding arch, Transpalatal
arch, Lip bumper ,elastics, cortical anchorage, Temporary
anchorage devices.
 Classification of anchorage based on the basis of
extraction space closure( according to NANDA)

• Group A anchorage:
(Critical/severe)

• Group B
Anchorage(Moderate)

• Group C anchorage(Mild)
 MARCOTTE’S CLASSIFICATION (1990)
Group A Anchorage: Also refers to maximum posterior anchorage
75% or more space required for anterior retraction. The biomechanical
paradigm is to increase posterior M/F ratio (beta M/F ratio) relative to the
anterior M/F ratio (Alfa M/F ratio).

Group B Anchorage: Simplest form of space closure.

The requirement includes equal translation of the anterior and posterior
segments into the extraction space. Equal and opposite moments and forces
are indicated.

Group C Anchorage: Also refers to maximum anterior anchorage.

75% of space closure achieved through mesial movement of posterior teeth.
The biomechanical paradigm is to increase anterior M/F ratio (i.e. Alfa M/F
ratio) relative to posterior M/F ratio (i.e. beta M/F ratio)
 ANCHORAGE PLANNING

The anchorage requirement depends upon

1. The number of teeth to be moved
2. The type of teeth being moved.
3. Type of tooth movement.
4. Periodontal condition.
5. Duration of tooth movement
6. Anchorage value -Anchorage value of any tooth is roughly
equal to its root surface area. Molar and 2nd premolar in each
arch is approximately equal in surface area to incisors and
canine
 ANCHORAGE LOSS
In orthodontic treatment, anchorage loss is a potential side
effect of orthodontic mechanotherapy and one of the major
causes of unsuccessful results.
Anchor loss can occur in all 3 planes of space
Sagittal plane:
Mesial movement of molars
Proclination of anteriors
Vertical plane:
Extrusion of molars,
Bite deepening due to anterior extrusion
Transverse plane
Buccal flaring due to over expanded arch form and unintentional
lingual root torque.
Lingual dumping of molars
 METHODS TO CONTROL ANCHORAGE
1. Reinforcement

• The extent to which anchorage should be reinforced depends on

the tooth movement that is desired . The ratio of PDL area in the tooth
movement should be atleast 2 to 1 without sliding and 4 to 1 with sliding.

• Anything less produces reciprocal movement ,especially if the force levels

are not well controlled.

• Reinforcement of anchorage can be obtained by adding additional teeth

within the same arch to the anchor unit, or by using elastics from the
opposite arch to help produce desired tooth movement.

• Additional reinforcement can be obtained with extraoral force, as with

addition of a facebow to the upper molar to resist the forward pull of the
elastic strategies
 2.Subdivision of desired movement
• Subdivision of tooth movement improves the anchorage
• In case of extraction space closure it would be possible to
reduce the strain on posterior anchorage by retracting the
canine individually ,pitting its distal movement against mesial
movement of all other teeth .
• Advantage: dissipating the reaction force over large PDL area in
anchor unit
• Disadvantage: closing in two steps
 3.Tipping/Uprighting
• Another possible strategy for anchorage control is to tip the
teeth and then upright them , rather than moving them bodily.
• In extraction site treatment is done by two steps first by
tipping of the anterior teeth distally by pitting against mesial
bodily movement of the posterior segment.
• As a second step the tipped teeth would be uprighted moving
the canine roots distally and torquing the incisor roots lingually
with anchorage from posterior segments.
 4.Anchorage control in space closure
1.One step space closure with no sliding (via closing loops )
so that segments of wire are moved with the tooth
attached rather than sliding
2.Two step space closure sliding the canine bodily along the
archwire then retracting the incisors(Tweed approach)
3.Two step space closure tipping the anterior segment and
then uprighting the tipped teeth(the classic Begg
approach)
5.Cortical anchorage:
cortical bone more
resistant to resorption.By
torquing roots of posterior
teeth against cortical plate it
inhibits mesial movement .

6.Transplatal arch:

expansion,rotation,
contraction & torque of
molars.
7.Nance holding arch:
maintains maxillary arch length.

8.Lingual arch:
It allows spontaneous alignment of labial segment while
preventing mesial movement of distal teeth.

9.Lip bumper:
distal force on molars from muscle pressure of lower lip.
10.Differential force:
first tipping followed by tooth uprighting.

11.Segmental mechanics:
controlled distribution of forces between the
anterior and posterior parts of a fixed appliance can be possible
by dividing the arch into segments
 12.SKELETAL ANCHORAGE

• TEMPORARY ANCHORAGE DEVICES:

Skeletal anchorage is derived from

implants, miniplates attached with
screws to basal bone of the maxilla or
mandible, or just a screw with a
channel for attaching a spring that is
placed into the alveolar process
Collectively, these devices are referred
to as temporary anchorage devices
(TADs).
 METHODS OF OBTAINING TEMPORARY ANCHORAGE

1. Conventional Dental Implants 7. C-orthodontic Micro implant

2. Palatal Endosseous Implants 8. Impacted Titanium Post

3. Onplant 9. Transitional Implants

4. Mini implant 10. Mini Plate
5. Spider Screw 11. Zygoma Anchorage System
6. Micro implant 12. Zygomatic Ligatures
• DIRECT ANCHORAGE
Endosseous implant
used for as an anchorage site.

• INDIRECT ANCHORAGE
Here implants are
used for preserving anchorage.
Anchorage reinforcement in various appliances

In removable functional appliance: Tooth borne appliances

Activator Bionator and Twin block
1. Capping of incisal margins of lower incisors and
proper fit of cups of teeth into acrylic.
2. If deciduous molars are present, it is used as
anchor teeth.
3. Edentulous areas after loss of deciduous molars.
4. Labial bow prevents anterior flaring and posterior
displacement of the appliance
Tissue borne appliances
Vestibular screen and Frankel’s functional regulator
gain anchorage by extending acrylic into vestibule.

In fixed functional appliances

Conventionally in the maxillary arch the 1st premolars and
permanent 1st molars are interconnected on each side. In
mandibular arch the 1st premolar bands are connected. This
type of anchorage is called partial anchorage.
• In the deciduous and mixed dentition period bonded type of
herbst is used because of absence of 1st premolars. This
system is called splint anchorage system.

• In the maxillary arch labial sectional wire is placed in the

brackets of premolars, canines, incisors. In the mandibular
arch lingual sectional wire is extended to 1st permanent
molars which are banded. This form of anchorage is called
Total anchorage.

• In Pellot anchorage system, the mandibular arch with the

lingual arch wires acrylic pellot is fabricated and fixed
touching the lingual mucosa about 3mm below the gingival
margin. This system is most efficient in withstanding the
stresses placed on lower anterior teeth.
EDGEWISE TECHNIQUE
 Second order Tip-back bends are utilized to prepare anchorage.
 The degree of tip-back on the terminal molars should be such
that when the arch wire is placed in the buccal tubes, it will cross
the cuspid teeth at their dentinoenamel junctions.
 After placing the arch wire in the molar tubes of the terminal
molars when it is raised and ligated to the two brackets on the
first molar teeth, the mesial cusps of the terminal molars are
elevated and the first molars are depressed.
 At this point the arch wire will lie gingival to the brackets on the
second premolar teeth.
• When the arch wire is placed in the slots of the second premolar
brackets, first molars are elevated and the second premolars are
depressed.

• Thus, the force necessary to tip the terminal molars transferred to

the second premolar teeth.

• Now the arch wire lies gingival to the first premolar brackets.
When the arch wire is ligated to the first premolar brackets, first
premolars are depressed and second premolars are elevated.

• Thus terminal molars are being tipped distally at the expense of

depressing the first premolar teeth
TWEEDS MEERIFIELD PHILOSOPHY
 THE ROTH PHILOSOPHY

Rational for Roth bracket setup

 Over corrected tooth positions

 Leveling the curve of spee

Anchorage loss -When mesially angulated brackets are placed

on the posterior teeth, the teeth tend to tip mesially and migrate
forward that resulted in anchorage loss.
• He Provides over-corrected tooth positions prior to the
appliance removal. The banding of second molars at the
onset of treatment can minimize the need for extra oral
reinforcement of anchorage.
Leveling and alignment:
Small flexible wire helps conserve anchorage. Small wires
exert light forces on teeth and the overbite and occlusion
hold the arches in the respective positions and prevent
forward migration.
Leveling the curve Spee:
Leveling with a continuous wire will lead to slippage of
anchorage. This can be avoided by assessing the incisor
portion and if permitted by intruding them
Retraction of the canines and incisors:
• While attempting retraction importance should be given to
position of the anteriors. Retracting procumbent incisors using
reciprocal forces burn up more anchorage than that which can
be anticipated. Hence initially to retract and the upright these
anterior, an Ascher’s face bow can be used in both the upper
and lower arches, for upto 6-8 weeks’.
• Once incisors upright, they offer very little resistance as
anchor unit and can be easily retracted.
Space closure:
If one attempts to close the space faster regardless of wire size,
tipping will occur inevitably. It is possible to close extraction
spaces on an 0.016” round wire at a well modulated rate without
tipping whereas one can take a large rectangular wire with
closing loop mechanics and end up tipping if the activation of the
loop is done too frequently.
SAGITTAL CONTROL
• Second molar banding
• Upright anteriors - little resistance to lingual
tipping
• Anterior face bow is used to retract the proclined
incisors
• Maximum anchorage – Asher face bow
• Moderate anchorage - Double key- hole loops
VERTICAL CONTROL
• Utility arches to intrude incisors

TRANSPALATAL ARCH:
6-8mm away from the palate – intrusion of molars.
BEGG APPLIANCE
• This is brought about in the first place, through bodily control
given to anchor units with the help of anchor bend (tip-back
bend) and, the freedom to tilt offered to the units that are to be
moved and the light differential forces employed.

• The light forces are inadequate to cause rapid movement of the

anchorage unit, and forces applied to correct the axial inclinations
of the tilted units, in the later stage of the treatment partially
counterbalance one another.

• When intermaxillary elastics are added, the two dental arches

virtually becomes one unit, the whole being resistant to any
displacing force created by the balance action of the spring
axillaries.
 4. VARISIMPLEX TECHNIQUE

• Developed by Wick Alexander

• Increased interbracket distance leading to lighter force
delivery .
1. Driftodontics
2. Individual Canine Retraction.
3. Anchorage Conservation in Mandible
4. Anchorage Conservation in Maxilla
5. Headgear
6. Elastics
 DRIFTODONTICS

• The mandibular anterior teeth have a tendency to drift distally

and the mandibular posterior teeth to drift mesially.

• Appliances are placed only on the maxillary arch until a class I

cuspid relation is achieved.

• The late placement of mandibular appliance is referred to as

Driftodontics.
Anchorage Conservation In Mandible
Mandibular molar has – 6 ° distal tip incorporated in it
which promotes leveling and helps in gaining arch length
(Tweed’s philosophy)
Anchorage Conservation In Maxilla
• Omega loops - Preferred method
• Arch wire bend backs
HEADGEAR
DIRECTION OF PULL and INDICATION
Cervical pull SN –MP < 37°
Combination pull -37 to 41°
High pull SN – MP > 42°
• FORCE and TIME OF WEAR
• Initially - 8 Oz ,from next appointment 16 oz
• ANB is 3° or less- Advised Only during sleeping
• ANB 3 to 5° -10 hrs / day
• ANB > 5° -14 hrs / day

Anchorage considerations during elastic wear

• Elastics are not used until the patient is in
finishing arch wires - 17x25 stainless steel in
both arches
• Attached from the mandibular II molar to the hook on maxillary lateral incisor

Other Intra Oral Appliances

• Trans palatal arch
• Lower lingual arch
• Nance holding arch
 5.MBT TECHNIQUE
• Anchorage control can be discussed in three planes:
Horizontal,
vertical and
lateral planes.
Anchorage control in all the three planes is inter-connected and
failure to control one plane can cause problems with another.

Horizontal plane
Control of anchorage in horizontal plane
1. Control of anterior segments
2. Control of the posterior segments in the upper and lower arch.
Control of anchorage in anterior segments
• Lace backs and bends backs – to prevent proclination of anterior teeth during
aligning and leveling phase.
• Reduce the anchorage needs during leveling and aligning.
• Bracket design – reduced tip.
• Arch wire forces – use of very light arch wire forces.
• Avoidance of elastic chain.

Control of anchorage in upper posterior segments

• Posterior anchorage requirements are normally greater in the upper arch

than in the lower arch because of the following reasons

• Upper molar moves mesially more easily than the

• lower molars.

• Upper anterior teeth are bigger.

• Upper anterior brackets have more tip built into them,Upper incisors
require more torque control and bodily movement than lower incisors
which require distal tipping or uprighting.
• Most of cases are class II type of malocclusion.
• A transpalatal arch can be used in moderate anchorage cases.
• The Nance holding arch can be used during leveling,aligning and canine
retraction stages.
Control of anchorage in lower posterior segments
• When extra anchorage support is needed in lower
posterior segments it can be effectively obtained by
Lingual holding arch.
• Class III elastics (by not taking the lower anchorage)
• Head gear.
 Anchorage control in vertical plane

Vertical control of incisors

.
• Because of the tip built in the canine brackets a transient deepening of bite occurs in the
initial aligning and leveling phases.
• If canines are distally tipped to begin withas the arch wire is engaged in the canine slot it lies
incisalto the incisor bracket slots causing undesirable extrusionincisors when the wire is
engaged.
• This effect can be minimized by either not engaging the wire in incisor brackets or not bonding
the incisors until canines are uprighted.

Vertical control of canines

• canines may be minimized by lightly tying the canines into the primary arch wire with elastics
thread.
• Vertical control of molars in high angle cases

Vertical control of molars is critical in high angle cases:

1. Transpalatal arch should lie about 2mm away from palate so
that the tongue can exert a vertical
2. When head- gears are used in high – angle cases either a
combination pull or a high pull headgear is used. Cervical pull
headgear is avoided.
3. Upper or lower posterior bite planes in molar region is helpful to
minimize extrusion of molars.

4 . Upper 2nd molars are generally not initially banded, to minimize

extrusion of these teeth.

5. If upper molars require expansion, an attempt is made to achieve

bodily movement rather than tipping.
 6. BIOPROGRESSIVE THERAPY

Bioprogressive therapy given by Rickets includes

1. Stabilization of upper and lower molar anchorage
according to grade of anchorage.
2. Retraction and uprighting cuspids with sectional
mechanisms.
3. Retraction and consolidation of upper and lower
incisors.
4. Continuous arches for details of ideal and
finishing occlusion
 Anchorage for upper molar
Maximum Moderate Minimum
anchorage anchorage anchorage

1.Nancebutton 1.Quad Helix Reciprocal

2.Head gear 2.Upper utility closure
3.Combination of arch
both 3.Sectional
retraction then
anterior
retraction
 7. LEVEL ANCHORAGE SYSTEM

Integrated approach to orthodontic treatment.

• Pre adjusted edgewise appliance
• Preformed arch wires
• Detailed and carefully validated approach to Rx
planning
• Step by step Rx procedure for ext. and non ext
cases
• Timing chart, Self check chart
 8. INVERSE ANCHORAGE TECHNIQUE

• Anchorage preparation chiefly in maxilla

• Treatment begins in the maxilla starting from distal segment
and moves sectionally towards mesial --- Disto mesial
sequence.so there is no strain on anchors.
Steps
1. Posterior leveling
2. Posterior retraction
3. Anterior leveling
4. Anterior retraction
 9.LINGUAL ORTHODONTICS

• The placement of lingual brackets invariably causes

anterior bite opening and posterior disocclusion in cases
with normal or deep overbite.
• While the contribution of an intercuspated occlusion to the
provision of a degree of anchorage may be debatable and vary
with different malocclusions, the bite plane effect of the
lingual appliance with resulting loss of occlusion and
intercuspation may result in certain cases to reduce the
anchorage achieved with the lingual technique.
 Takemoto suggested anchorage value of posterior

teeth in the lingual technique is higher than that of the labial

technique due to proximity of the lingual brackets to the
center of resistance of the tooth. In addition, the direction of
forces during space closure creates a degree of buccal root
torque and distopalatal rotation of the molar crown, which in
turn produces cortical bone anchorage
 10.PASS
(Physiological Anchorage Spee-Wire System)Acc to jco 2015

• The physiological anchorage spee wire system was designed

to optimize the natural anchorage preservation while
controing friction and utilizing the elasticty of Niti wires.
 Conclusion
• Anchorage should be of prime consideration before the
treatment plan is formulated. The skeletal and dental
anchorage should be judiciously planned for a better finish
and complete success in orthodontic therapy.

• The skeletal and dental anchorage should be judiciously

planned for a better finish and complete success in
orthodontic therapy

• Anchorage plays a prominent role in utilization of extraction

spaces, use of head gears, retraction mechanics, etc
 REFERENCES
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Anuals and essences of dentistry
• Root TL.The level anchorage system for
correction of orthodontic malocclusions.Am J
Orthod. 1981Oct;80(4):395-410.
• Inverse anchorage technique in fixed orthodontic
treatment.J. Carriere. Pp. 231. 1991. New
Maiden,Quintessence.
• Burstone CJ. En Masse Space Closure. In Modern Edgewise
Mechanics And The Segmented Arch Technique. Glendore:
Ormco Corp; 1995: 50–60.
• McLaughlin RP, Bennet JC, Trevisi H. Systemized Orthodontic
Treatment Mechanics. Elsevier; 2001.
• Proffit,Henry W.Fields,Sarver Contemporary orthodontics –
Fifth edition
• Biomechanis and esthetics in clinical orthodontics-Ravindra
Nanda.
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Orthodontics current principles and techniques.