Newton’s Laws of Motion

PowerPoint® Lectures for

University Physics, 14th Edition, Global Edition
– Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman Lectures by Jason Harlow
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.
 Objectives:
1. define inertial frames of reference (STEM_GP12N-Id-28);
2. differentiate contact and noncontact forces (STEM_GP12N-Id-29);
3. distinguish mass and weight (STEM_GP12N-Id-30);
4. identify action-reaction pairs (STEM_GP12N-Id-31);
5. draw free-body diagrams (STEM_GP12N-Id-32);
6. apply Newton’s 1st law to obtain quantitative and qualitative conclusions about the
contact and noncontact forces acting on a body in equilibrium (STEM_GP12N-Id-33);
7. differentiate the properties of static friction and kinetic friction (STEM_GP12N-Id-34);
8. compare the magnitude of sought quantities such as frictional force, normal force,
threshold angles for sliding, acceleration, etc. (STEM_GP12N-Id-35); and
9. apply Newton’s 2nd law and kinematics to obtain quantitative and qualitative
conclusions about the velocity and acceleration of one or more bodies, and the contact and
noncontact forces acting on one or more bodies (STEM_GP12N-Id-36)

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 Nature of Force
F man on rope
F man on box

F box on man F rope on man

A force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's interaction
with another object.

Whenever there is an interaction between two objects, there is

a force upon each of the objects.

Forces only exist as a result of an interaction.

Force is never alone. It always comes in pairs ( interaction).

 Nature of Force
*Force is a vector quantity.

Its magnitude describes the strength of the force and the direction indicates
where it is going.

Its magnitude is measured in newton, N, for the SI-mks unit, dyne in

cgs unit and pound, lb, in English unit.

1 N = 1 kg m/s2
 2 Classes of Forces
1. Contact Forces – the interacting objects must be in contact
with each other.
2. Long-range/Non-contact Forces– forces that act even if the
interacting objects are not in contact with each other

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 There are four common types of forces:
Normal

• The normal force is a contact force.

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 There are four common types of forces:
Friction

• Friction is a contact force.

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 There are four common types of forces:
Tension

• Tension is a contact force.

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 There are four common types of forces:
Weight

• Weight is a long-range force.

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 Superposition of Forces
Any number of forces F1 ,F2 ,… Fn that act at the same time at a point A of a body , the
effect on the body's motion is the same as if a single force R were acting equal to the
vector sum of the original forces:
R = F1 + F2 + …Fn
Superposition of Forces
 Newton’s Three Laws of Motion:

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 Newton’s first law
• When a body is either at rest or moving with constant
velocity (in a straight line with constant speed), we say that
the body is in equilibrium.
• For a body to be in equilibrium, it must be acted on by no
forces, or by several forces such that their vector sum—that
is, the net force—is zero:

Fx = 0, ax = 0
Fy = 0, ay = 0

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 When is Newton’s first law valid?
• Suppose you are in a bus that is traveling on a straight road
and speeding up.
• If you could stand in the aisle on roller skates, you would
start moving backward relative to the bus as the bus gains
speed.
• It looks as though Newton’s first law is not obeyed; there is
no net force acting on you, yet your velocity changes.
• The bus is accelerating with respect to the earth and is not a
suitable frame of reference for Newton’s first law.
• A frame of reference in which Newton’s first law is valid is
called an inertial frame of reference.

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 Newton’s second law of motion
• The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the
net force acting on it, and inversely proportional to the mass
of the object.

• The SI unit for force is the newton (N).

1 N = 1 kg·m/s2

Fx = max
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Fy = may
 Systems of units: Table 4.2
• We will use the SI system.
• In the British system, force is measured in pounds, distance
in feet, and mass in slugs.
• In the cgs system, mass is in grams, distance in centimeters,
and force in dynes.

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 Mass and weight
• The weight of an object (on the earth) is the gravitational
force that the earth exerts on it.
• The weight w of an object of mass m is:

• The value of g depends on altitude.

• On other planets, g will have an entirely different value than
on the earth.

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 Newton’s third law of motion
• When an object receives a force (the action force) from a
second object, the second object also exerts a force (the
reaction force)`on the first object, of equal magnitude but
towards the opposite direction.

I±Faction I = I _Freaction I
+

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Free-Body Diagrams
• a diagram of all the forces acting on an object;
object is represented as a particle
Free-Body Diagram
Free-Body Diagram
(a)
FBD of the runner:

(b) FBD of the cup:

(c) FBD of the gymnast:

 Frictional forces
• There is friction between the feet of this caterpillar (the larval
stage of a butterfly of the family Papilionidae) and the
surfaces over which it walks.
• Without friction, the caterpillar could not move forward or
climb over obstacles.

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 Frictional forces
• When a body rests or slides on a surface, the friction force is
parallel to the surface.

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 Frictional forces
• Friction between two surfaces arises from interactions
between molecules on the surfaces.

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 Kinetic and static friction
• Kinetic friction acts when a body slides over a surface.
• The kinetic friction force is fk = µkn.
• Static friction acts when there is no relative motion between
bodies.
• The static friction force can vary between zero and its
maximum value: fs ≤ µsn.

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(a), (b), (c) When there is no relative motion, the magnitude of the static friction force is less than or equal to µ sn. (d) When there is relative
motion, the magnitude of the kinetic friction force equals µ Kn (e) A graph of the friction force magnitude as a function of the magnitude T of
the applied force. The kinetic friction force varies somewhat as intermolecular bonds form and break.
 Some approximate coefficients of friction

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 PROBLEM-SOLVING:

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Example: Bodies in Equilibrium
1.
Example: Wrecking Ball
2.
Example: Car at Rest
3.
Example: Accelerating Block of Ice (Accelerating System, Frictionless)

4.
Example: Accelerating Block of Ice (Accelerating System with Friction)

5.
2