Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies

Part One: Tourism Overview

Learning Objectives
• Understand what tourism is and its
many definitions.
• Learn the components of tourism
and tourism management.
• Examine the various approaches to
studying tourism.
• Appreciate how important this
industry is to the economy of the
world and of many countries.
• Know the benefits and costs of
tourism.

9th Edition - ©2003 Chapter 1: Tourism in Perspective

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies

Part One: Tourism Overview

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9th Edition - ©2003 Chapter 1: Tourism in Perspective

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies

Part One: Tourism Overview

Definition of Tourism
Tourism may be defined as the
processes, activities, and outcomes
arising from the relationships and
the interactions among tourists,
tourism suppliers, host
governments, host communities,
and surrounding environments that
are involved in the attracting and
hosting of visitors.

9th Edition - ©2003 Chapter 1: Tourism in Perspective

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies

Part One: Tourism Overview

WTO Definition of Tourism

Tourism comprises the activities of
persons traveling to and staying in
places outside their usual
environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure, business
and other purposes.

9th Edition - ©2003 Chapter 1: Tourism in Perspective

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies

Part One: Tourism Overview

Visitor
A “visitor” is defined as those persons
who travel to a country other than
that in which they have their usual
residence but outside their usual
environment for a period not
exceeding twelve months and whose
main purpose of visit is other than the
exercise of an activity remunerated
from within the place visited.

9th Edition - ©2003 Chapter 1: Tourism in Perspective

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies

Part One: Tourism Overview

Classification of Travelers

(1) Tourists in international technical definitions.

(2) Excursionists in international technical definitions.
(3) Travelers whose trips are shorter than those that qualify for travel and
tourism; e.g., under 50 miles (80 km) from home.
(4) Students traveling between home and school only -- other travel of students
is within scope of travel and tourism.
(5) All persons moving to a new place of residence including all one-way
travelers, such as emigrants, immigrants, refugees, domestic migrants, and
nomads.

9th Edition - ©2003 Chapter 1: Tourism in Perspective

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies

Part One: Tourism Overview

The Tourism Phenomenon:

Components of tourism and tourism management

Acco
rade mmo
el T d
Tr av
or Secto ation
Sect r

To rvic
Se
ur es
or

ism
ect
ts S

National Travel National

Industry Government
en

Associations Tourism Offices

Ev

Transportation
Sector

State and Provincial

Travel Industry State and Provincial
Associations Government
Tourism Offices
Attra
ction

Local & Regional Local and

Tourism Associations/
City Government
t
sS

ct o e n

Convention & Visitor

Bureaus Tourism
S e in m
ector

Departments
r
ta
ter
En

Ad
ve
Re nture
cre ces
ati & O
on u d Servi
Se tdoo Foo ector
cto r S
r

9th Edition - ©2003 Chapter 1: Tourism in Perspective

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies

Part One: Tourism Overview

Disciplinary inputs to the tourism field

Sociology

omics
Educ
a

Econ

gy
Ho stau ratio

tion
Re inis
Ad

olo
tel ran n
m

ch
an t

y
d

Ps
t

Tr
an y
sp log
Sociology of
or po
ta

Tourism

s
o
hr

urism
tio

omic
Educ
Tour ion

n t
An
Ho tudi

Econ
of To
ism
at

o t i sm
sp es
S

n
ti o
ita

Tr

M our
iva
an
lit y

Ga sp st

T
min St or
ue hip
g ud tati
ies on -G
st ons ical
Ho lati Polit ce
n
Ma Casin
nag o
Re Scie
em es
ent
cy I s su
Business Poli
Managemen
t of
Tourism
Organizatio Geography Geography
ns Tourism
of Tourism
Studies
Sports
Tourism e New
cin
y and Medi Dev Ventur
Kinesiolog elop e
men
Law He t
rism E rita Entre
Tou Ma nviro ge a pren
eurs
of na n m nd
ge e n h ip
y
t or ism me t
nt
s r
Hi ou
La e sign

Law
ism of

T
nd
ur g

sc
g
To etin

De
t
and D m Plannin
pmen

ap
Management

Tou
Recreation

Rura

En
rk

v ir
Ma

rism

o
evelo

St nm
l

ud en
ry
is

ie s t a l
Tour

isto
H
Ar
g

ch
tin

it
rke

ec
Reg and

Agri

tu
Plan onal
Ma

ning

re
Recreation
Parks and
an

cultu
i
Urb

re

Department
or Discipline
Source: adapted from Jafar Jafari, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Study of Tourism Course
Tourism: Choices of Discipline and Approach.

9th Edition - ©2003 Chapter 1: Tourism in Perspective

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies

Part One: Tourism Overview

Travel and Tourism ---

World’s Largest Industry

In 2001 it is estimated to
account for some:
• $3.5 trillion of Economic
Activity
• 207 million jobs
In 2011 it is estimated to
account for :
• $7.0 trillion of Economic
Activity
• 260 million jobs
Source: WTTC

9th Edition - ©2003 Chapter 1: Tourism in Perspective

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies

Part One: Tourism Overview

Travel and Tourism Can

Double in Size by 2011

• Travel and Tourism will continue to

expand faster than the economy as a
whole and faster than comparable
industries.
• By 2011 Travel & Tourism is expected
to account for:
*Over twice the output at $7.0 trillion

*More jobs --- 260 million employees

• Growth depends on enlightened
government policy

Source: WTTC

9th Edition - ©2003 Chapter 1: Tourism in Perspective

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies

Part One: Tourism Overview

World’s Top 5 Tourism

Destinations
2000
International Market Share
Tourist Arrivals % of World
Rank, (thousands) % Change Total,
2000 Country 2000 1999/00 2000

1 France 74,500 2.0 10.7

2 United States 52,700 8.7 7.5
3 Spain 48,500 3.7 6.9
4 Italy 41,200 12.8 5.9
5 China 31,200 15.5 4.5

Source: WTO

9th Edition - ©2003 Chapter 1: Tourism in Perspective

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies

Part One: Tourism Overview

World’s Top 5
Tourism Earners
2000
International Market Share
Tourism Receipts % of World
Rank, (US$ million) % Change Total,
2000 Country 2000 1999/00 2000

1 United States 83,800 11.9 17.6

2 Spain 31,000 -4.3 6.5
3 France 29,900 -5.1 6.4
4 Italy 27,700 -2.5 5.8
5 United Kingdom 19,300 -4.7 4.0

Source: WTO

9th Edition - ©2003 Chapter 1: Tourism in Perspective

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies

Part One: Tourism Overview

Tourism:
What it Means to the U.S.
Economy
• Travel spending in U.S. generated $584.4
billion in 2000.
• Tourism is the nation’s third largest retail
industry.
• Tourism is the nation’s largest service export.
• Over 7 million Americans employed directly
in the travel industry, 9 million indirectly for a
total of over 16 million jobs.
• Tourism is the first, second, or third largest
employer in 29 states.
• Tourism provides more than 684,000
executive level positions in each year.
• Travel industry provides a disproportionate
number of jobs for the traditionally
disadvantaged.
Source: Travel Industry Association of America (TIA)

9th Edition - ©2003 Chapter 1: Tourism in Perspective

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies

Part One: Tourism Overview

Benefits of Tourism -
Economic
• Provides employment • Can be developed with
opportunities local products and
resources
• Generates foreign
exchange • Diversifies the
economy
• Increases Incomes
• Tends to be
• Increases GNP compatible with other
• Can be built on economic activities
existing infrastructure • Spreads development
• Develops an • High multiplier impact
infrastructure that will
also help stimulate • Increases
local commerce and governmental
industry revenues

9th Edition - ©2003 Chapter 1: Tourism in Perspective

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies

Part One: Tourism Overview

Benefits of Tourism -
Social
• Broadens educational and cultural
horizons
• Improves quality of life - higher
incomes and improved standards of
living
• Justifies environmental protection and
improvement
• Provides tourist and
recreational facilities
that may be used by
a local population

9th Edition - ©2003 Chapter 1: Tourism in Perspective

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies

Part One: Tourism Overview

Benefits of Tourism -
Cultural
• Reinforces preservation of heritage and
tradition
• Visitor interest in local culture provides
employment for artists, musicians and
other performing artists enhancing
cultural heritage
• Breaks down language barriers,
sociocultural barriers, class barriers,
racial barriers, political barriers, and
religious barriers
• Creates a favorable worldwide image
for a destination
• Promotes a global community
• Promotes international understanding
and peace
9th Edition - ©2003 Chapter 1: Tourism in Perspective
Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies

Part One: Tourism Overview

Disadvantages of Tourism -
Economic
• Develops excess demand
• Results in high leakage
• Creates difficulties of seasonality
• Causes inflation
• Can result in unbalanced economic
development
• Increases vulnerability to economic
and political changes

9th Edition - ©2003 Chapter 1: Tourism in Perspective

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies

Part One: Tourism Overview

Disadvantages of Tourism -
Social
• Creates social problems
• Degrades the natural physical
environment and creates pollution
• Degrades the cultural environment
• Threatens family structure
• Commercializes culture, religion, and
the arts
• Creates misunderstanding
• Creates conflicts in the host society
• Contributes to disease, economic
fluctuation, and transportation problems

9th Edition - ©2003 Chapter 1: Tourism in Perspective