Saurabh Sanjay Kasliwal

B.E Civil, M.E Structural Engg.

+91-9028126721
 Introduction to Building Construction
 Building
 Components of Substructure and Superstructure
 Types of Foundation
A. Introduction to Building Construction:
 “Building” – Definition

As per National Building Code (NBC)-2005, building is defined as “Any

structure for whatsoever purpose and of whatsoever materials constructed
and every part thereof whether used as human habitation or not and which
includes foundation, plinth, walls, floor, roof, chimney, plumbing and building
services, fixed platforms, verandah, balcony, cornice or projection, part of
building or any things affixed there to or any wall enclosing or intended to
enclose any land or space and outdoor display structures.”
 “Types of Building” – As per NBC-2005

According to the NBC of India, buildings are classified into various groups
mentioned as below:
1. Group A – Residential Building
2. Group B – Educational Building
3. Group C – Institutional Building
4. Group D – Assembly Building
5. Group E – Business Building
6. Group F – Mercantile Building
7. Group G – Industrial Building
8. Group H – Storage Building
9. Group I – Hazardous Building
 “Building Components” –
Any building can be divided into two basic components i.e
1. Substructure
2. Superstructure

Fig:1 Picture showing Substructure

and Superstructure
1. Substructure:
 Building substructure is the lower part of a structural system which is
constructed beneath the ground level.
 It transfers loads of the structural system i.e building, bridge, etc. to the
ground which has the load-bearing capacity.
 It supports and anchors the superstructure safely. It should be designed
with the proper technique because it assures the stability of superstructure
too. Example:- the multistory structure has basement parking which is a
kind of substructure.
Continued….
 Building substructure has basically two components:

1. Foundation
2. Plinth Beam
Now
3. Foundation:
• Foundation transfers dead loads, live loads and all other loads which are
exerted on it to the soil beneath.
• As stability of building depends upon the strength of the foundation, it
should be made more reliable and strong.
Foundation
Continued….

Types of Foundation
A. Shallow Foundation:
It is the type of Foundation which is placed near the earth's surface that
transfers the loads to the soil at shallow depth. It is categorized into four
types. They are explained below:-

i. Strip foundation(Strip Footings): It is the foundation that supports the

linear structure such as walls, columns, etc which are constructed
above. The size and position of this foundation depend on the width of
the linear structure, bearing capacity of the soil and extent of the load.
Continued….

ii. Raft Foundation: This is the foundation that is made up of large concrete
slab that can support the loads exerted by walls, columns constructed over
it. As we know; when area increases the pressure decreases. Similarly, raft
footing has a large surface area which reduces stress on the soil. So, It is
used when the soil has a low load-bearing capacity.
Strip Foundation
Raft Foundation
Continued….

iii. lsolated Footings: It is constructed beneath the column to distribute the

concentrated loads safely to bed soil. It supports only for single columns. It is
used when the load extent is low and the soil is homogeneous.

iv. Combined Footings: This kind of footings is built for supporting two or
more columns in a straight line where soil bearing capacity is less or
overlapping of footing takes place. Example:-Strap footings (cantilever) is
the independent footings of two columns connected by beams.
Isolated
Footing
 Combined
Slab Type Footing
 Combined
Strap Type Footing
Continued….

Types of Foundation
A. Shallow Foundation:

B. Deep Foundation: This kind of Foundation is placed at great depth from

surface level to transfer the load to the deep layers of soil beneath it.
Such type of foundation can mainly be made out of steel, timber,
reinforced concrete or pre-stressed concrete. Example:-
a good foundation which is made below the water level mostly for
bridges.
Deep
Foundation
Continued….

Types of Deep Foundation:

I. Pile Foundation: A long cylindrical foundation which is analogous to a
pole is said to be pile foundation. Such kind of foundation can be made
up of strong materials such as concrete, steel, timber, etc. When to use
the pile foundation, i. When load extent is high & non-uniform. ii. When
the groundwater table is high iii. When the soil has a very low load-
bearing capacity.
Continued….

II. Pier Foundation: Most of the foundation depends on their

installment methods. Its caissons are the watertight structures which
are made up of steel, wood or reinforced concrete built above the
ground level and the sunken into the ground. There are drilled shafts,
those are the caissons or bored piles. They support structure with large
axial & lateral loads.
Pile Foundation
 Pile
Foundation
 Pier
Foundation
Continued….
 Building substructure has basically two components:

1. Foundation
2. Plinth Beam: This is a reinforced concrete beam which is in framed or
structured form constructed between the wall and the foundation. When
the foundation suffers from the settlement, it is provided in such a way
to prevent the extension or the propagation of cracks from its foundation
into the wall above. It reduces slenderness of columns. The minimum
dimension of the plinth beam is about 20 cm depth having with the
matching width of the foundation.
Plinth Beam
2. Superstructure:
 The structural components of a building constructed above the ground
level constitute the superstructure.
 The basic components of a building’s superstructure are columns, beams,
slab and wall.
 These components safely transfer the dead loads, live loads and other
loads to the substructure (foundation and plinth) which further distributes
it to the underlying earth.
Continued….
 Mentioned below are the basic components a building’s superstructure :

1. Roof
2. Parapet
3. Lintels
4. Slab
5. Beams
6. Columns
7. Walls
8. Floor
9. Stair
Continued….
 Mentioned below are the basic components a building’s superstructure :

1. Roof:
• Roof is the exterior and the uppermost part of any building structure.
• This structure is a covering that is provided to protect the building from
rain, snow, wind, sun and other adverse effects.
• A roof deck and roof cover form the two main parts of a roof structure.
Continued…
2. Parapet:
• Parapet is a short wall barrier that is constructed at the edge of a terrace
roof, balcony or walkway as a means of protection.
3. Lintels:
• A lintel is a type of beam structure constructed above all the wall
openings to support the load coming over it and transfer safely to the side
walls.
Continued….
4. Slab:
• Slabs are horizontal structural elements that serve the purpose of floor,
roofs or ceilings.
5. Beams:
• A beam is a horizontal structural element with a specific depth and width
running with a span. It withstands vertical loads, bending moments and
shear forces.
Continued….
6. Columns:
• The column is a vertical structural element that carries compressive loads.
This is one of the critical structural element in any building structure
whose failure can result in progressive collapse.
7. Walls:
• Walls are vertical surfaces constructed in continuance that divide the
enclosed spaced.
• Walls can be constructed either by means of masonry or by means of
concrete.
Continued….
8. Floor:
• The floor is defined as a finished horizontal surface of a building or a
room where people walk.
• Any floor has two main components- sub-floor and floor cover. The sub-
floor is nothing but slab. This component imparts strength and stability
for the floor structure.
9. Stair:
• A stair is a series of steps or flight that is constructed to move from one
floor to another in a building structure.