NORMAL

DISTRIBUTION
2016 TRAINING
for Senior High School
Teachers
Roldan C. Bangalan
PRE-ASSESSMENT
What’s the

37°C
normal body
temperature?
What’s the

60 to 100 beats
normal pulse per minute
rate?
What’s the


average
height of a
typical
Filipina?
4’11”
Vital signs https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002341.htm

 Vital signs reflect essential body functions, including your heartbeat,

breathing rate, temperature, and blood pressure. Your health care
provider may watch, measure, or monitor your vital signs to check
your level of physical functioning.
 Normal vital signs change with age, sex, weight, exercise capability,
and overall health.
 Normal vital sign ranges for the average healthy adult while resting
are:
 Blood pressure: 90/60 mm/Hg to 120/80 mm/Hg
 Breathing: 12 to 18 breaths per minute
 Pulse: 60 to 100 beats per minute
 Temperature: (36.5°C to 37.3°C)/(37°C)
What is NORMAL?
 usual or ordinary : not strange
 mentally and physically healthy
 according with, constituting, or not deviating from
a norm, rule, or principle
 conforming to a type, standard, or regular pattern
Distribution of Correct Answers of 19 Students who
Participated in a Math Contest (School A)

Number of Correct Answers Frequency

1 1
2 2
3 4
4 5
5 4
6 2
7 1
N = 19
Distribution of Correct Answers of 19 Students who
Participated in a Math Contest (School B)
Number of Correct Answers Frequency

1 0
2 0
3 1
4 2
5 4
6 9
7 3
N = 19
Distribution of Correct Answers of 19 Students who
Participated in a Math Contest (School C)
Number of Correct Answers Frequency

1 3
2 9
3 4
4 2
5 1
6 0
7 0
N = 19
 LC: illustrates a normal random variable and its characteristics

Normal Distribution
 Normal distribution is a distribution with a bell-
shaped appearance.
 In a normal distribution,
the mean = median = mode
 LC: illustrates a normal random variable and its characteristics

Properties of Normal Curve

 Mean = Median = Mode

 It is symmetrical about the mean.
 The tails or ends are asymptotic relative to the
horizontal axis.
 The total area under the normal curve is equal to 1
or 100%.
 The normal curve area may be subdivided into
standard deviations, at least 3 units to the left and
3 units to the right of the vertical line.
 LC: illustrates a normal random variable and its characteristics

Normal Distribution
 This distribution is also known as a bell
curve or a Gaussian distribution, named
for the German mathematician Carl
Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855), who
derived its equation.
 The probability density function of the
normal distribution is defined as:
Skewness
 Skewness refers to the degree of symmetry or
asymmetry of a distribution.

Negatively Skewed Positively Skewed

 Skewness

 A
  distribution is skewed
to the left if the mean is
less than its median. The
bulk of the distribution is
on the right. This is
otherwise known as
negatively skewed.
 (Mean Median)

 A
  distribution is skewed
to the right if the mean
is greater than its
median. The bulk of the
distribution is on the
left. This is otherwise
known as positively
skewed.
 (Mean Median)
Pearson’s coefficient of skewness
  
SK =

 The values of SK fall between -3 and 3.

 A value of SK which is closer to zero indicates that
the distribution of the data is symmetric.
 Determining normality (draw histograms, stem-
and-leaf plot, SK, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test)
 LC: illustrates a normal random variable and its characteristics

Standard Normal Distribution

 Standard Normal distribution is a distribution

with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of
one.
 (Graph of standard normal distribution)
THE 68–95–99.7 RULE
 In the Normal distribution with mean μ and
standard deviation σ:
• Approximately 68% of the observations fall
within σ of the mean μ.
• Approximately 95% of the observations fall
within 2σ of μ.
• Approximately 99.7% of the observations fall
within 3σ of μ.
THE 68–95–99.7 RULE
THE 68–95–99.7 RULE
 A normally distributed random variable has a
mean of 200 and standard deviation of 15. Find:
 the range of scores that lie within 1 standard
deviation from the mean.
 The lowest value which lies at least two standard
deviations above the mean.
 The highest value which falls at least three
standard deviations from the mean.
THE 68–95–99.7 RULE
 The length of human pregnancies from conception
to birth varies according to a distribution that is
approximately Normal with mean 266 days and
standard deviation 16 days. Use the 68–95–99.7
rule, between what values do the lengths of the
middle 95% of all pregnancies fall?
 LC: construct a normal curve

NORMAL CURVE
 Assume that 68% of Grade 11 students have
heights between 1.5 and 1.7m and the data are
normally distributed.
 Find the mean.
 Compute the standard deviation.

  = 1.6
= 0.1
 LC: construct a normal curve

NORMAL CURVE
 Assume that 68% of Grade 11 students have
heights between 1.5 and 1.7m and the data are
 Construct the normal curve of the normal
distribution.

x 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

y 0.0443 0.5399 2.4197 3.9894 2.4197 0.5399 0.0443
 LC: construct a normal curve

NORMAL CURVE

x 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

y 0.0443 0.5399 2.4197 3.9894 2.4197 0.5399 0.0443

http://homepage.stat.uiowa.edu/~mbognar/applets/normal.html
 LC: construct a normal curve

NORMAL CURVE
 Find the mean and standard deviation of the normal
distribution where 99.7% of the values fall between
52 and 82. Construct the normal curve.
Chebyshev’s theorem
 Chebyshev’s theorem, developed by the Russian
mathematician Chebyshev (1821–1894), specifies
the proportions of the spread in terms of the
standard deviation.
 You enter your dorm room and find that one of your roommates has a happy
face, but your other roommate is sad:

 What had happened! Why are you so happy?

 Hurray, I got a 60 on the Physics test!!!

They have the same score!

Why the different reactions?

 And why are you so sad?

 Wah!, I got a 60 on the French test!!!
 So what does this have to do with the French and Physics tests?

The Big Idea!

Where you are relative to others in the distribution determines how well you
did.

 Now that you can see the distributions of test scores, explain why your
roommates are happy and sad.
 LC: converts a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice versa

z-score

 z-score measures how many standard deviations a

particular value is above or below the mean.
 z-score identifies and describes the exact location
of every score in a distribution

(Illustrate a distribution with a population mean
of 80 and a standard deviation of 5)
Other transformations of test
scores
 G-score = 100z + 500
 T-score = 10z + 50
 IQ score =15z + 100
 LC: converts a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice versa

In which test did Clifford perform better?

Algebra English
Population 80 75
Mean
Standard 5 5
Deviation
Score 85 82
 LC: converts a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice versa

Who performed better?

a. Lucy whose z-score is 2 or

Lily whose z-score is 1.75

b. Angelo whose z-score is -1.5 or

Antonio whose z-score is -2.
 LC: converts a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice vers

Finding the z-scores

In an examination , the mean grade is 81 and the

standard deviation is 6. Find the z-score of the
grades of the following students:
a. Peter, 75
b. Paul, 95
c. Mark, 87
d. John, 93
 LC: converts a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice versa

Selling Stamps

Charles sells stamps. He earns an average of

P55 a day with a standard deviation of P11.25.
How much did Charles earn on a particular day
if his z-score is -0.8?
AREAS UNDER THE
NORMAL CURVE
 LC: identifies regions under the normal curve corresponding to different standard values

Areas under the Normal Curve

 Find the area to the right of Z = 0
 Find P(Z ≥ 0) can be read as “ Find the
probability that z will take the values greater
than or equal to zero”
 LC: identifies regions under the normal curve corresponding to different standard values

Areas under the Normal Curve

 Find the area to the left of Z = 0
 Find P(Z ≤ 0) can be read as “ Find the
probability that z will take the values less than or
equal to zero”
 LC: identifies regions under the normal curve corresponding to different standard values

Areas under the Normal Curve

 Find the area from z = -2.41 to z =1.98
 Find P(-2.41 ≤ Z ≤ 1.98) can be read as “ Find
the probability that z will take the values greater
than or equal to -2.41 but less than or equal to
1.98”

 (give the table of areas of normal curve)

 LC: identifies regions under the normal curve corresponding to different standard values

Work in pairs:
1. Find the area from z = 0 to z = -2.3
2. Find P(-2 ≤ Z ≤ 2.5)
3. Find P(z ≥ -2.43)
4. Find the area to the left of z = - 1.53
5. Find P(0.5 < z < 2.5)
 LC: computes probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal table

Percentiles
 A percentile is a value in the distribution that holds
a specified percentage of the population below it.
 The general definition is that the pth percentile is
the value that holds p% of the values below it.
Police Academy Qualifications
 To qualify for a police academy, candidates must
score in the top 10% on a general abilities test. The
test has a mean of 200 and a standard deviation of
20. Find the lowest possible score to qualify.
Assume the test scores are normally distributed.

 
226
Percentiles
 The DG Company has 100 branches nationwide.
The annual profit of DG Company is normally
distributed with a mean of P73 million a year and a
standard deviation of P3.25 million. Find the z –
score pertaining to the number of branches having
a sales of P80 million. What percentage of its
branches have a profit of P73 million to P80
million?
 Ans: 2.15; 48.42%
IQ TEST
 Fifty job applicants took an IQ test and their score
are normally distributed with a mean of 100. How
many applicants obtained a score between 74 and
126 if the standard deviation of their scores is 20?

 Ans: 40 applicants
Raw Score of a Given Area
  
Given that , find x if the given area under the
normal curve is to the left of the mean.

 Ans: 48.75
Z-score and raw score
  
Find the values of z and x when and the area is
equal to 85.5%

 Ans: z=1.06, x 69.54

 LC: computes probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal table

Students’ IQ
The IQ of 300 students in a certain school is
approximately normally distributed with a
mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15.

a. What is the probability that a randomly

selected student will have an IQ of 115 and
above?
b. How many students have an IQ between 85
and 120?
 LC: computes probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal table

Percentiles
 The mean BMI for men aged 60 is 29 with a
standard deviation of 6.
 What is the 90th percentile of BMI for men?
 
36.69
Interpretation: Ninety
percent of the BMIs in
men aged 60 are below
36.69. Ten percent of
the BMIs in men aged
60 are above 36.69.
 LC: computes probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal table

Percentiles
 Let us consider some variable X that is distributed
normally with μ = 50 and σ = 10.
 What is the value of X that is at the 80th
percentile?
 
58.4
 LC: computes probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal table

Percentiles
 Let us consider some variable X that is distributed
normally with μ = 50 and σ = 10.
 What is the value of X that is at the 40th
percentile?
 
47.5

𝒙=𝝁+𝒛 𝝈
 
Systolic Blood Pressure
 For a medical study, a researcher wishes to select
people in the middle 60% of the population based
on blood pressure. If the mean systolic blood
pressure is 120 and the standard deviation is 8, find
the upper and lower readings that would qualify
people to participate in the study.

 
113.28 126.72
Monthly Newspaper Recycling
 Each month, a household generates an average of
28 pounds of newspaper for garbage or recycling.
Assume the standard deviation is 2 pounds. If a
household is selected at random, find the
probability of its generating
 a. Between 27 and 31 pounds per month

 b. More than 30.2 pounds per month

Assume the variable is approximately normally

distributed.
Statistics Exam

In an examination in Statistics, the mean grade

is 72 and the standard deviation is 6. Find the
probability that a particular student will have
a score:
a. of higher than or equal to 75
b. from 65 to 80
c. lower than or equal to 60
Blood Pressure
 Suppose a borderline hypertensive is defined
as a person whose DBP is between 90 and 95
mm Hg inclusive, and the subjects are 35-44-
year-old males whose BP is normally
distributed with mean 80 and variance 144.
 What is the probability that a randomly
selected person from this population will be a
borderline hypertensive?
Carbohydrate Intake
 Suppose that total carbohydrate intake in 12-14
year old males is normally distributed with
mean 124 g/1000 cal and SD 20g/1000 cal.

 a) What percent of boys in this age range have

carbohydrate intake above 140g/1000 cal?

 b) What percent of boys in this age range have

carbohydrate intake below 90g/1000 cal?
Blood Glucose Level
 Assume that among diabetics the fasting blood level
of glucose is approximately normally distribute with
a mean of 105 mg per 100ml and SD of 9 mg per 100
ml.
 a) What proportions of diabetics have levels between
90 and 125mg per 100 ml?
 b) What proportions of diabetics have levels below
87.4 mg per 100ml?
 c) What level cuts of the lower 10% of diabetics?
 d) What are the two levels which encompass 95% of
diabetics?
Cholesterol Level
 If adult male cholesterol is normally distributed
with a mean of 200 and standard deviation 25,
what is the probability of selecting male whose
cholesterol is:
 Less than 165
 Greater than 165
 Between 165 and 220
 Greater than 220
Kurtosis
 The
  degree of peakedness and flatness of a curve.
Also known as percentile coefficient of kurtosis
 Ku =
 Quartile deviation =
 Percentile Range = P90 – P10
 When the value of Ku is
 Equal to 0.263, normal curve, mesokurtic
 Greater than 0.263, platykurtic
 Less than 0.263, leptokurtic
What Does the Normal Distribution
Sound Like?
 In this activity, students conduct an investigation to determine the
rate of change in the popping of microwave popcorn. Four
volunteers will estimate the time in the popping process where the
rate of change is at 5 chosen levels. Other students will collect data
on number of pops during consecutive 5 second time periods and
draw histograms. Students will understand the approximate normal
curve for a real data set and the relationship between the rate of
popping and the shape of the distribution. This activity also
provides an opportunity for students to understand human errors in
data collection because not everyone will have the same number of
frequencies in the corresponding classes of their histograms.
 Ananda Jayawardhana, Pittsburg State University
 http://www.amstat.org/education/stew/
Thank you!
