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CHAPTER 6

THREE PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1. The machines are called induction machines because of the rotor voltage which produces

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the rotor current and the rotor magnetic field is induced in the rotor winding instead of
being physically connected to the DC source.
2. Used to power pumps, fans, compressors and grinders.

2.0 ROTATING STATOR FIELD

1. The stator field can be visualize as set of north and south poles rotating around the
circumference of the stator.
2. Because north and south poles occur in pairs, the total number of poles P is always even.
Eg 2,4,6 and etc.
3. There are two types of induction motor rotors:-
a) Squirrel cage – the conductors would look like one of the exercise wheel
that squirrel or hamster run
b) Wound rotor – have a brushes and slip ring at the end of rotor.
4. The magnetic field’s rotation of induction motors which is called synchronous speed is
given by:-
 120 f
s  (rad/s) ns  (rpm)
2
P/2 P
3.0 SLIP AND ROTOR SPEED

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The voltage induce in a rotor bar of an induction motors depends on the speed of the
rotor relative to the magnetic field.

Two terms are commonly use to define the relative relationship between the speed of
magnetic fields and rotor’s speed:-

a) Slip speed –defined as the difference between synchronous speed (magnetic field’s
speed) and rotor speed.

nslip = ns – nm

where, nslip = slip speed of the machine

ns = speed of magnetic fields/ synchronous speed
nm = rotor speed

b) Slip –define as the relative speed expresses on a per unit base

therefore,
nslip n s  nm  s  m
S S S
ns ns s 3
Notice:

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If the rotor turns at synchronous speed, s=0, while if the rotor is stationary
(standstill), s=1.
Mechanical speed (rotor’s speed) can be expressed in term of synchronous speed
and slip as below:
nm = (1-s)ns in rpm or ωm =(1-s)ωs in rad/s

The Electrical Frequency on the Rotor

The rotor frequency can be expressed as
fr = sfe

where fr = rotor frequency; s = slip; fe= electrical frequency

Alternatively, to find fr is defined as below;
P
fr  (ns  nm )
120 4
 4.0 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
The per-phase equivalent circuit of a three phase induction motor is just like

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a single phase transformer equivalent circuit.

RS RR’/S jXR’
IS RS RR’/S XR’
IR IS jXS IR
jXS

IO + IO
+
IC IM IC IM
Es(Φ) RC XM Es(Φ) RC XM

-
-

actual equivalent circuit approximate equivalent circuit

Is = stator phase current; Is = Io + IR

IR = Rotor current referred to stator winding
Io = No load current; Io = Ic + Im
Ic = core current
Im = magnetising current
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For actual equivalent circuit,

Es ( ph )

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Is 
( Rs  jX s )  [ Rc // jX m //( R'R / s  jX 'R )]

Then, to calculate Io and IR, current divider formula can be employed. This model is rather
difficult and is not advisable for analysis purposes.

For approximate equivalent circuit;

Is = Io + IR and Io = Ic + Im
And also,

Es ( ph ) Es ( ph ) Es ( ph )
Im  Ic  IR 
jX m Rc ( R ' R / S  Rs )  j ( X ' R  X s )

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This model is normally used for analysis purposes for simplicity.

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IS RS jXS jXR’ RR’ IR

+ IO
1-S RR’
Es(F) jXM S

Pin=3VsIscosθ Pag PDEV Pout

PS=3RSIS2 PR=3RR’IR2 Pų
Stator copper loss Rotor copper loss

Equivalent circuit for one phase of an induction motor and the associated
power-flow diagram 7
4.1 POWER AND TORQUE CALCULATION

In Figure 4.3, notice that we have split the reflected resistance R’R/s into two part as follows;

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R'R 1 s
 R'R  ………………..(4.11)
R'R
s s
The power delivered to the resistance [(1-s)/s]R’R is the part that is converted to mechanical form.
This portion of the power, called the developed power, is denoted by Pdev. The equivalent circuit
shown in Figure 4.3 represents one of three phases, so the total developed power is:-

1 s …………(4.12)
Pdev  3 R'R ( I 'R ) 2
s
On the other hand, the power delivered to the rotor resistance R’R is converted to heat. Generally,
we refer to I2R losses as copper losses. The total copper loss in the rotor is;-

PR  3R ' R ( I ………….(4.13)
'R ) 2
And the stator copper loss is

2 8
Ps …………………
3Rs I s (4.14)
The input power from the three-phases source is:-

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Pin  3I sVs cos  or cos 
Pin  3I LVL ……(4.15)
In which cos (θ) is the power factor.

Part of the developed power is lost to friction and windage. Another loss is core loss due to
hysteresis and eddy currents. Sometimes, a resistance is included in parallel with the
magnetization reactance jXm to account for core losses. Unless stated otherwise, we assume
that the rotational power loss is proportional to the speed.
The output power is;-
Pout = Pdev – Prot ….....(4.16)

As usual, the efficiency of the machine is given by:-

Pout
  100%
The developed torque is:
Pin
…………….(4.17)
P 9
Tdev  dev
m
The power Pag that crosses the air gap power into the rotor is delivered to the rotor
resistances. Thus, Pag:- Pag = PR + Pdev …………….(4.18)

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1 s
Pag  3R ' R ( I ' R ) 2  3  I 'R ) 2
R' R (……….(4.19)
s
1
Pag  3  R' R ( I 'R ) 2
s ………….(4.20)

Comparing equation (4.12) and (4.20), we have:

Pdev = (1-s)Pag ……………..(4.21)

Using equation (4.20) to substitute for Pdev in equation (4.17)

(1  s ) Pag
Tdev  ………….(4.22)
m

However, we also have ωm = (1-s)ωs. Using this to substitute into Equation (4.22)
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Pag
Tdev 
s