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Philisophical Perspectives

by:Francisco Felipe S. Bacang, AB Pol Sci,


JD III
Socrates and Plato

• Acc. to Socrates, man is composed of body and soul.


• Dualistic-individuals have an imperfect,impermanent
aspect of him and the body, while maintaining that there is
a soul that is perfect and permanent
• Acc. to Plato, there are 3 components of the soul:
– rational-reason and intellect
– spirited-change of emotions
– Appetitive soul-pleasures (sex,eatnig,drinking, etc.)
Agustine and Thomas Aquinas

• Acc. to Aug. Man has an aspect that dwells in tye world


and is imperfect and continously yearns to be with the
Divine and the other is capable of reaching immortality
• the body is bounf to die on earth;the soul is antiipated to
live eternally in a realm of spiritual bliss in communion
with God. The goal of every human person is to attain
communion and bliss with the Divine by living his life on
earth in virtue.
• Tomas Aquinas said that man is indeed composed of
matter and form-- stuff and essence, respectively
• the bodyof the human person is something that he shares
even with the animals. Cells in man's body are more or
less Akin to the cells of any other living,organic being in
the world. however, what makes a human person a
human person and not a dog or a tiger is his SOUL--his
essence. the soul is what animates the body; it is what
makes us humans
Rene Descartes

• “I think therefore I am.”


• man is a thinking being
• he claims that there is so much that we should doubt.
• complimentary: Senses of the body may deceive you. a
thing may appear to be rough to one and soft to the other.
it leaves a room for doubt.
• Two distinct entities: cogito and extenza
• the body is nothing else but a machine attached to the
mind
• what is a thinking thing?
– a thing that doubts, understands,affirms, denies, wills, refuses;
that imagine also and perceives.
HUME, David

• to Hume, the self is nothing else but a bundle of


impressions
• Experiences
– 2 categories: impressions(basic objects of our experience or
sensation;products of our direct experience hence, vivid) and
ideas( are copies of impressions;not as lively and vivid as our
impressions, example is imgining for the first time the feeling of
being inlove- that is still an idea)
• the self acc to Hume then is a bundle or collection of
different perceptions, w/c succeed each other with an
inconceivable rapidity, and are in a perpetual flux and
movement
• in reality, what one thinks is a unified self is simply a
combination of all experiences with a particular person
Kant

• the self is the one that organizes the different impressions


that one gets in relation to his own existence.
• the self is actively engaged intelligence in man that
synthesizes all knowledge and experience.
• the self is not just what gives one his personality but it is
the seat of knowledge acquisition for all human persons.
• “there is necessarily a mind that organizes the
impressions that men get from the external world.
Ryle

• the self refers to all the behaviors people make


• itis not an entity that one can locate and analyze but
simply the convenient name that people use to refer to all
the behaviors that people make.
Marleau-Ponty

• mind and body are so intertwined that they canot be


separated
• one's body is his opening toward his existence to the
world. because of these bodies, men are in the world.
• the living body, his thoughts, emotions, and experiences
are all one.
Assignment

• in our own words, state what “self” is for each of the


following philosophers and ater, explain how your conept
of “self” is compatible with how they conceived of the self.
• Socrates Ryle
• Plato Marleau-Ponty
• Augustine
• Descartes
• Hume
• Kant

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