DETERMINANTS,

MATRICES, EIGEN VALUES

& EIGEN VECTORS
By Engr. Sanni, S.E
Dept. of Chemical Engineering
2017/2018 session
• DETERMINANTS & MATRICES : INTRODUCTION
A determining element or factor which is an algebraic expression of the sum
of the products of elements, each with an appropriate algebraic sign usually
written in a square array and used in the solution of systems of linear
equation.
Recall the elimination method of solving simultaneous equation. Given
equations
2x + 3y + 2 =0 -----------------(1)
3x + 4y + 6 =0 -----------------(2)
Solving simultaneously implies we multiply eqn 1 by 4 and eqn 2 by 3. Then by
subtraction x = -10.
•Then
  using eqn 1 or 2, y=6.
If we now consider the general form of the above equation,
axi +byi +di =0 ,
When i= 1, we have
a1x +b1y +d1 = 0, also when i=2, we have;
a2x +b2y +d2= 0.
The two equation can now be solved simultaneously by elimination
method. Hence, eliminating y
a1x +b1y +d1 = 0 2 -----------(1)
a2x +b2y +d2= 0 1 -----------(2)
a1b2x + b1b2y + b2d1 =0 -----------(3)
a2b1x + b1b2y + b1d2 =0 -----------(4)
•subtracting
  gives,
a1b2x –a2b1x + b2d1 – b1d2 =0
(a1b2 – a2b1)x = b1d2 – b2d1
Therefore, x=
In practice ,x is a definite value when the denominator is not equal to zero.
Example: Given the equations,
3x + 2y -5 =0 and 4x + 3y -7 =0
a1=3, b1=2, a2=4, b2= 3
Therefore, a1b2 – a2b1
=
=9 – 8 =1
•Hence,
  x will give a finite value. Therefore the expression (a1b2 – a2b1) is
important in the solution of simultaneous equations. The shorthand
notation for (a1b2 – a2b1) =. The letter can be reverted by
multiplying the elements in the array diagonally so as to obtain the
former
E.g. = =a1b2 a2b1
Thus; =
Hence, is called a determinant of the second order since it has two rows
and two columns. Also, the numerator of x can be written as a
determinant.
=b1d2 – b2d1 = Eliminating x so as to find y in equation 1 and 2 gives
•a1 x + b1y + d1 = 0 a2 --------(1)
a2x + b1y + d2 = 0 a1 --------(2)
a1a2x + a2b1y + a2d1 = 0 --------------(3)
a1a2x + a1b2y + a1d2 = 0 --------------(4)
subtracting 4 from 3;
a2b1y – a1b2y + a2d1 – a1d2 =0
(a2b1 – a1b2)y = a1d2 – a2d1
Y= (a1d2 – a2d1) / (a2b1 – a1b2)
Then x and y in the shorthand forms becomes;
•X=  and y =-
However, dividing by and for x and y respectively gives
=
Also =
Then, = = =
•Let
  = ∆1
= ∆2 and
= ∆0
The ∆1, ∆2 and ∆0 can all be regenerated from the original equation by
omitting the x and y terms in order and writing down their coefficients.
Hence,
= =
•Example:
  Solve 5x + 2y + 19 = 0
3x + 4y + 17 = 0
= =
To find ∆0, omit the constant terms
∆0 = =
= 20 – 6 = 14
Now, to find ∆1, omit x terms;
∆1 = = b1d2 – b2d1 = (
=34 – 76 = -42
•Thus,
  ∆2= 28
Giving; = =
= , x = = -3
= , -y =
Y= -2
Determinants of the Third Order
A determinant of the third order will contain 3 rows and column. Here
each element in the determinant is associated with its minor, which is
found by omitting the row and column containing the elements of
interest.
•E.g.
  the minor of a1 is
the minor of b1 is
the minor of c1 is
Evaluation of Third Order Determinant
Given as the 3rd order determinant for a set of simultaneous
equation. Therefore, the expanded form of the determinant is
a1 - b1 + c1
•Example:
 
Given
1 -3+2
=1(
=1(40 – 28) -3(32 – 14) +2(16 – 10)
=12 -54 +12
= -30
•Simultaneous
  Equation in Three Unknowns
Consider the equations given;
a1x + b1y +c1z + d1 =0
a2x + b2y +c2z + d2 =0
a3x + b3y +c3z + d3 =0
Assignment:
Show that;
= = =
We can present the above in an easier form as = = =
•Where:
 
∆1 = determinant of the coefficient of matrix obtained from omitting x
∆2 = determinant of the coefficient of matrix obtained from omitting y
∆3 = determinant of the coefficient of matrix obtained from omitting z
∆0 = determinant of the coefficient of matrix obtained from omitting
constant term
Example: 1
2x + 3y –z -4 =0
3x + y +2z -13 =0
X + 2y -5z +11 =0
Recall
•Since
  we are interested in obtaining the values of x

But ∆0 =
= 2 -3 -1
=2(-5-4) -3(-15-2) -1(6-1)
=-18+51-5 = 28
∆1=
=3(22-65) +1(11+26) -4(-5-4)
=3(-43) +1(37) -4(-9)
=-129 +37 + 36 =-56
• 
X= 56/28 = 2
∆2=
=2(22-65) –(33+13) -4(-15-2)
=86 -46 +68 =28

Y= 28/28 =1
∆3=
=2(11+26) -3(33+13) -4(6-1)
=74-138-20 = -84
• 
Z= 3
Assignment
Solve for y and z in the above example.
 
 
Consistency of a set of Equations
Considering the general case of a set of 3 simultaneous equations in two
unknown. E.g.
a1x + b1y +d1 =0 --------------------------(a)
a2x + b2y +d2 =0 --------------------------(b)
a3x + b3y +d3 =0 --------------------------(c)
Solving equation b and c
•i.e.
  a2x + b2y +d2 =0
a3x + b3y +d3 =0
We get = =
Where
∆1 =

∆2 =

∆3 =
•Such
  that,
X= and Y=
If this result also satisfy equation a, then a1 + b1 + d1 = 0

i.e. it
a1
•i.e.
 
Hence the three simultaneous equations in two unknowns are consistent.
This is so because the solution to the system of equations obtained from
the matrix of coefficients is zero.
General, Properties of/ Hints on determinants
1.)The value of a determinant remains unchanged if rows are changed to
columns or vice versa.

2.) If two rows or two columns are interchanged, the sign of the
determinant changes. E.g
•3.)  If two rows or two columns are identical, the value of the determinant is zero.
Columns identical Rows identical

4.) If the elements of any one row or column are multiplied by a common factor,
the determinant is multiplied by that factor. E.g
K=5

 
If the elements of any row or column are increased or decreased by equal
multiples of the corresponding elements of any other row or column, the value
of the determinant remains unchanged.
Det = same
• 
Refer to Page 532 and 533
Matrices
A matrix is a rectangular array of elements; real or complex numbers
arranged in rows and columns.
A matrix is named after its number of rows and columns. i.e. A matrix
with m rows and columns is called an m*n matrix and referred to as a
matrix of order m*n.
Note
A matrix is indicated by writing the array within brackets
• 
Types of Matrices
• Row matrix- This consists of one row only. E.g (4,3,2)
• Column matrix- is one with one column only
e.g
Note
A column matrix is sometimes written on one line but with curly brackets e.g
Hence the matrix
is a column matrix of order 2*1
While (4 3 2 1) is a row matrix of order 1*4.
• Single element matrix- Is a 1*1 matrix having just a row and one column.
• Square matrix- A matrix of equal number of rows and columns.
•  Equal matrices: matrices whose corresponding elements are equal and
must be of same order.
Presentation
Double suffix notation: Every element in a matrix has its own address or
location which can be defined by a system of double suffixes; the first
indicates the row and the second indicates the column.

E.g
•Addition
  and subtraction of matrices
Two matrices to be added or subtracted must be of same order. Then the
corresponding elements are added or subtracted as the case demands.
Addition
Sum
A = and B =
A+B =
=
Subtraction.
A=
A-B=
•  Multiplication of matrices
Scalar multiplication.
Given a matrix to be multiplied by a number, their product is a scalar
multiplication. E.g
5*=
½ *=
b.) Multiplication of two matrices.
• Multiplication
  of matrices
Scalar multiplication.
Given a matrix to be multiplied by a number, their product is a scalar
multiplication. E.g
5*=
½ *=
b.) Multiplication of two matrices.
Note
e.g
=
(2*3) * (1*3) = (2*1)
=
=
• Ex
  2
=
[3*2] [2*4]

=
Note – [row* each column] and so on.
Transpose of a matrix
Transposing a matrix means interchanging rows with columns i.e. 1st row =
1st column. 2nd row becomes 2nd column etc.
Given a matrix A = then AT(transpose of matrix A) =
•  2.) Given AB = = (AB)T =
• Cofactors
• Matrix of determinant of minor’s matrix obtained from a major matrix.
• If A =
• Example:
• Given A=
•  Obtaining the minors of each element
+2 -3
+5 -4
+1 -6
+1 -4 0
Thus the matrix of the cofactor
==
•Ajoint
  of a matrix
This is the transpose of the matrix of co-factors.
Given the matrix of co-factors below
If C =
CT =
The above is the adjoint of the matrix.
•Inverse
  of a matrix [A-1]
A-1 =
The det A =45 given A =
A-1 = 1/45
A-1 =
•Product
  of a square matrix and its inverse.
Given A =
A-1 =
Then A-1.A =
•From
  our knowledge of matrix multiplication, this can be written in
matrix form:
=
 
i.e A . x = b………………(1)
multiplying through equation (1) by A-1
A-1. A.x = A-1.b
Recall that
A-1.A =I
Ix = A-1.b
Therefore,
• 
 
Note:
If we form the inverse of the matrix of coefficients and premultiply
matrix b by it, we shall determine the matrix of the solutions of x. i.e A-1*
elements outside = solution
Example
Solve
X1 +2x2 + x3 = 4
3x1 - 4x2 - 2x3 = 2
5x1 + 3x2 + 5x3 =-1
•Solution.
 

 
A . x =b
Therefore, x=A-1 .b
Det A = 1(-20+6)-2(15+10)+1(9+20)
=-14-50+29
=-35.
Minors matrix

-14 25 29
• 
7 0 -7

0 -5 -9
Minors matrix
Am =
=
•Therefore:
 
AT =
A-1 =
A-1 =
Recall that
X = A-1 . b
=

 
• 
=
X1= 2, x2= 3 , x3 =-4
Gaussian Elimination method
 
For solving a set of linear equations.
Assume the general matrix of the form; i.e A. x =b holds
1st write the elements of ‘b’ within matrix A. This gives the augmented
matrix ‘B’ of the given set of equations
•i.e.
  B=
Step 1
Eliminate the elements other than a11 from the 1st column by subtracting
a21 /a11 times the first row from values from each of the second row values
and a31/a11 times the first row from, the third row etc.
This then gives a new matrix of the form;
•The
  process is then repeated to eliminate c12 from the 3rd and subsequent
rows
Example
Solve
X1 + 2x2 -3x3 =3
2x1 –x2 – x3 =11
3x1 + 2x2 + x3= -5
This can be written as
•The
  augmented matrix becomes

Now subtract 2/1 times the first row, from the second row and 3/1 times
the first row, from the third row. Now subtract -4/-5 i.e 4/5times the
second row from the third row. The matrix becomes
•Note
  that the matrix of the coefficient of x has been reduced to a
triangular matrix. Finally, detach the right hand column back to its original
position.

By substitution we have
1*x1 + 2*x2 -3*x3 =3 …………………(1)
0*x1 + -5*x2 + 5*x3 =5………………(2)
0*x1 + 0*x2 + 6*x3 =-18……………(3)
From (3)
6x3= -18
x3= -3
Put x3 value into equation (2)
-5x2 + 5x -3 =5
-5x2 -15 =5
-5x2 =20
X2 =-4
Putting values for x2 and x3 in equation 1
X1 + 2*-4 -3*-3 =3
X1 -8 +9 =3
X1 +1 =3
X1 =2
• Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors
In many applications of matrices to technological problems coupled with
oscillations and vibration, equations of the form
•A.x
  =ƛ.x
Occur, where A =[aij] is a square matrix and ƛ is a scalar number .
Clearly x=0 is a solution for any value of ƛ and is not normally useful. For
non-trivial solutions i.e. x≠0, the values of ƛ are called Eigen values,
characteristics of latent roots of matrix A and the corresponding
solutions of the given equations A.x =ƛ .x are called Eigen vectors or
characteristic vectors of A expressed as a set of separate equations we
have:
= ƛ.
•i.e.
  a11x1 + a12x2 +…………+ a1nxn = ƛx1
a12x1 + a22x2 +…………….+ a2nxn =ƛx2
an1x1 + an2x2 +……………+ annxn =ƛxn
Bringing the right hand side terms to the left hand side, simplifies to

When factorized
•.  
A.x =ƛ.x becomes
A.x –ƛx=0
And A –ƛI =0
Note that the unit matrix is introduced because we can only subtract one
matrix from another matrix.
For this set of homogeneous linear equations (I.e. right-hand constants
all zero ) to have non-trivial solution, |A-ƛI| must be zero.
i.e. |A-ƛI| =
•|A-ƛI|
  is called the characteristic determinant of A and |A-ƛI|=0 is the
characteristic equation. On expanding the determinant, this gives a
polynomial of degree n and solution of the characteristic equation gives
the values of ƛ, i.e. the Eigen values of A.
Example 1
ii.) Find the Eigen values of matrix A =
A.x =ƛ.x i.e. (A-ƛI).x =0
Characteristic determinant:
|A-ƛI| =
Characteristic equation: |A-ƛI|=0
•Therefore;
  -( 4 - ƛ ) ( 1 - ƛ ) + 2 = 0
4 - 5ƛ + ƛ2 + 2= 0
(ƛ-2)(ƛ-3)=0
ƛ=2 or 3
ƛ1 = 2; ƛ2 = 3
Ex 2: find the Eigen values of
A=
The characteristic determinant is

On Expanding, we have
 (2-ƛ)[ (4- ƛ)(-5- ƛ)+20 ]-3[ (-5- ƛ)+4 ]-20[ 10-2(4- ƛ) ]
= 2- ƛ(-20+ ƛ + ƛ2 +20) + 3(1+ ƛ)-2(2+2 ƛ)
= (2- ƛ)[ ƛ2 + ƛ] + 3(1+ ƛ) -4(1+ ƛ)
(2- ƛ) ƛ(ƛ+1) –(1+ ƛ)= (1+ ƛ)(2 ƛ- ƛ2-1)
=-(1+ ƛ).(1- ƛ)2