ES 205- Mechanics of

Deformable Bodies
Module 1: Introduction
( Concept of Stress)
Instructor: Engr. Grace C. Baba
rebmarkjohn@gmail.com
Cellno. 0926-8399-858
Introduction
The three fundamentals areas of engineering
mechanics:
1) statics-devoted primarily to the study of the external
effects upon rigid bodies
2) dynamics -devoted primarily to the study of the
external effects upon rigid bodies
3) mechanics of materials – deals with the internal
effects and deformations that are caused by the applied
loads.
Introduction
* A machine part or structure must be strong enough to
carry the applied load without breaking and at the
same time, the deformations must not be excessive.
What is Strength of Materials
Strength of Materials is the
discipline related to calculation of
stresses and strains in structures
and mechanical components.
Illustration
Figure 1.1
P

W
O

Equilibrium analysis will determine the force P,

but not the strength or the rigidity of the bar.
Explanation of the Illustration
The force P required to support the W in the position
shown can be found easily from equilibrium analysis.
Summing moments about the pin at O determines the
value of P.
We assume that the bar is both rigid (the deformation
of the bar is neglected) strong enough to support the
load W.
Analysis of Internal Forces; Stress
The equilibrium of a rigid body is concerned primarily
with the calculation of external reactions (forces that
act external to a body) and internal reactions ( forces
that act at internal connections).
Simple Stress
Simple stresses (σ) are expressed as the ratio of the applied
force divided by the resisting area
Formula:
σ = Force / Area.
It is the expression of force per unit area to structural
members that are subjected to external forces and/or
induced forces.
Stress is the lead to accurately describe and predict the
elastic deformation of a body.
Simple stress can be classified as normal stress, shear stress,
and bearing stress.
Simple Stress
Normal stress develops when a force is applied
perpendicular to the cross-sectional area of the
material. If the force is going to pull the material, the
stress is said to be tensile stress and compressive
stress develops when the material is being
compressed by two opposing forces. Shear stress is
developed if the applied force is parallel to the
resisting area and tangent to the plane on which it
acts.
Simple Stress
Example: is the bolt that holds the tension rod in its
anchor.
Another condition of shearing is when we twist a bar
along its longitudinal axis.
This type of shearing is called torsion and covered in
Another type of simple stress is the bearing stress, it
is the contact pressure between two bodies.
There are three types of simple stress namely; normal
stress, shearing stress, and bearing stress.
Bearing Stress
If two bodies are pressed against each other,
compressive forces are developed on the area of
contact. The pressure caused by these surface
loads is called the bearing stress.
Simple Stress
Suspension bridges are good example of structures that
carry these stresses. The weight of the vehicle is carried by
the bridge deck and passes the force to the stringers
(vertical cables), which in turn, supported by the main
suspension cables. The suspension cables then transferred
the force into bridge towers.
Normal Stress
Stress is the expression of force applied to a unit area of
surface. It is measured in psi (English unit) or in MPa (SI
unit). Another unit of stress which is not commonly used is
the dynes (cgs unit).
Stress is the ratio of force over area.
stress = force / area
Axially Loaded
Sample Problem #1:
Sample Problem #1:
Sample Problem #1:
Sample Problem #2:
Sample Problem #2:
Sample Problem #2:
Poisson’s Ratio
Sample Problem #3
Thermal Deformation
Sample Problem #4

Exhibit 7
Sample Problem #4
Torsion
Torsion
Torsion
Torsion
Torsion
Sample Problem # 5
Shearing Stress
Sample Problem #6
Sample Problem #7
Bearing Stress
Sample Problem # 8
Sample Problem # 9
Sample Problem # 10