Reinforcement for Plates

Course CT4150
Lecture12
5 Jan. 2010
Normal forces in concrete plates
• Only rebars in the x and y directions
• Equilibrium of a plate part
• Equations
nxx  nsx  nc
2
n yy  nsy  nc cos 
nxy  nc sin  cos 
• Design
Choose  such that nsx+nsy is minimal
(lower bound theorem)
• Solution
 Example 1
• Situation
nxx=1200, nyy=-200, nxy=-400 kN/m
fy = 500 N/mm², f’c= 30 N/mm²
Thickness = 100 mm
• Reinforcement
nsx= 1200+400 = 1600 kN/m
nsy= -200+400 = 200
• Concrete
nc= -2x400 = -800 kN/m
Asx=1600/500 = 3.20 mm = 3200 mm²/m
212–280 = 2/4x12²x1000/280 = 3231 OK

Asy=200/500 = 0.40 mm = 400 mm²/m

26–500 = 2/4x6²x1000/500 = 452 OK

c = 800/100 = 8 N/mm² < f’c OK

(safety factors omitted)

 Example 2
• Deep beam 4.7x7.5 m, 2 supports, opening 1.5x1.5 m,
point load 3000 kN, fcd = 16.67 N/mm², fyd = 435 N/mm²
• Forces nxx, nyy, nxy (linear elastic analysis)
• Principal stresses
• Reinforcement requirements (software)
• Reinforcement (engineer)
 Moments in concrete plates
• Only rebars in the x and y directions
• Equilibrium of a plate part

• Result (Yield contour)

2
mxy  min{(m px  mxx )(m py  m yy ), (mpx  mxx )(mpy  m yy )}
 Example 3
• Moments in a point
mxx = 13, myy = -8, mxy = 5 kNm/m
• Moment capacities
mpx = 17, mpy = 0, m’px =0, m’py = 10
• Is the capacity sufficient?
2
5  ? min{(17  13)(0  8), (0  13)(10  8)}
25  ? min{32, 26}

• Yes
 Design of moment reinforcement
• Carry the moments with the least amount of
reinforcement.
• So, minimize mpx+ mpy+ m’px+ m’py
• 5 constraints
• mpx, mpy, m’px, m’py ≥ 0
• m 2  min{(m  m )(m  m ), (m  m )(m  m )}
xy px xx py yy px xx py yy

Solution 1 (Wood-Armer moments)

• m px  mxx  mxy mpx  mxx  mxy

m py  m yy  mxy mpy  m yy  mxy

• Crack direction 45º to the reinforcing bars

Solution 2 (when mpx would be < 0)
m px  0
2
mxy
m py  m yy 
mxx

Solution 3 (when mpy would be < 0)

2
mxy
m px  mxx 
n yy
m py  0
Solution 4 (when m’px would be < 0)
mpx  0
2
mxy
mpy   m yy 
mxx

Solution 5 (when m’py would be < 0)

2
mxy
mpx  mxx 
m yy
mpy  0
Solution 6 (when mpx and mpy would be < 0)
m px  0
m py  0

Solution 7 (when m’px and m’py would be < 0)

mpx  0
mpy  0
 Example 4
• Moments in a point (as in example 1)
mxx = 13, myy = -8, mxy = 5 kNm/m
• Moment capacities
mpx = 13+5²/8 = 16.13 m’px = 0
mpy = 0 m’py = 8+5²/13 = 9.92
• Amount of reinforcement is proportional to
16.13+0+0+9.92 = 26
• Amount of reinforcement in example 3
17+0+0+10 = 27 (larger, so not optimal)
 Example 5
• Plate bridge, simply supported
• 4 x 8 m, point load 80 kN, thick 0.25 m
 Example 5 continued
• Decomposition of the load
Example 5 Torsion moment
V  mxy V  mxy

1
T
2
x
1
T 1
2 T Fa
2
mxy a  Va  12 T 
mxy  18 F  10 kNm/m
 Example 5 All moments
• Moments in the bridge middle
1 F 2a
mxx  4  12 F  40 kNm/m
a
m yy  0
mxy  18 F  10 kNm/m
• Moments at the bridge support
mxx  0
m yy  0
mxy  18 F  10 kNm/m
Example 5 FEM moments
 Example 5 Reinforcement
Middle Support Designed
m px  40  10  50 kNm/m m px  0  10  10 m px  50
m py  0  10  10 m py  0  10  10 m py  10
mpx  40  10  0 mpx  0  10  10 mpx  10
102
mpy  0   2.5 mpy  0  10  10 mpy  10
40
 Example 5 Upper bound check

Result
4 4 50
F  6 m px   6  1.22 > 1 OK
5 5 80
Computed requirements
 Conclusions
The design procedure used is
1 Compute the force flow linear elastically
2 Choose the dimensions plastically

The reason for the linear elastic analysis in the first

step is that it shows us how an as yet imperfect
design can be improved. A plastic (or nonlinear)
analysis in step 1 would shows us how the
structure would collapse; but that is not what we
want to know in design.

This procedure is applied to design many types of

structure for the ULS.