Click to edit Master title style

• Click to edit Master text styles

– Second level
Fresh water generator
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level

Anglo-Eastern
Anglo-Eastern Maritime Academy
Maritime Academy
1
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 Click to edit Master title style
• Average shipboard water consumption is taken as
• 100
Clicklitres per Master
to edit person pertextday
styles
• On a steamlevel
– Second ship or a large tanker with steam
driven COPs,
• Third levelthe boiler fresh water consumption
can be –asFourth
highlevel
as 30 tonnes per day.
• Sea water»salinity:
Fifth level
approx: 32000 ppm varies
from place to place
• Fresh Water Generator can generate upto 1 ppm
of fresh water considered as distilled water

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 Click to edit Master title style
FRESH WATER STORAGE IN A
• 47,000
Click to editDWT CHEMICAL
Master text styles TANKER
– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level

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 Click to edit Master title style
• It is now
Click common
to edit Masterpractice to take on only a
text styles
minimal
– Secondsupply
level of potable water in port and to
make up the
• Third level
rest by distillation of sea water.
The saved storage
– Fourth level capacity for water, is
available »for Fifthcargo
level and increases the earning
power of the ship. A vessel which carries
sufficient potable water for normal
requirements is required, if ocean-going, to
carry distillation plant for emergency use.

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 Low pressure
Click (operating
to edit Master titleunder
style
vacuum conditions)
• Click
1. Control over Master
to edit type of scale
textformed,
styles i.e. mainly
calcium carbonate which is soft and easy to remove.
– Second level
2. Heating medium supplied can be at a relatively low
• Third level
temperature e.g. diesel cooling water or waste
– Fourth level
steam.
» Fifth level
3. Improved heat transfer across the heating element.
This is due to higher temperature differences for
lower pressures than higher pressures.

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 • This is supplied with
Click to edit Master title style diesel engine cooling
water as the heating
medium. Vapour
• Click to edit Master text stylesevolved at a very
rapid rate by boiling
– Second level of the sea-water feed,
• Third level tends to carry with it,
– Fourth level
small droplets of salt
water The demister of
» Fifth level
knitted monel metal
wire collects the salt-
filled water droplets
as they are carried
through by the air.

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 • Evaporation
Click to ofedit partMaster
of the seatitle
waterstyle
leaves a
brine the density of which must be controlled
by continual removal through a brine ejector
• Click to edit
or pump. AirMaster textgases
and other stylesreleased by
heating
– Secondoflevel
the sea water, but which will not
condense, are removed by the air ejector. The
• Third level
evaporator
– Fourthshown
level has a single combined
ejector for » Fifth
extraction
level of both brine and air.
• Scale is not a major problem where
submerged heating coils reach a temperature
of only 60°C.

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 Click to edit
LIMITATIONS
Master title style
• Cannot be used in ports, anchorages and
• closer
Click totoedit
shore Master
than text
12 nmstyles
because of
– Second level
domestic sewage and industrial effluents.
• Third
• Unfit level
as potable water because:
– Fourth level
- Not sterilised
» Fifth level
- Tasteless
- Slightly acidic in nature
- Devoid of any minerals requried for human
body.
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 Click
Twotostage
editFlash
Master
evaporator
title style

• Click to edit Master text styles

– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level

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 Click to edit Master title style
• Sea water is pumped through the control valve A to the
second, then the first stage, vapour condensers wherein it
increases in temperature before final heating to 80°C in the
steam supplied heat exchanger.
•• Click to edit Master
The pressurised, heated seatext styles
water flows through an orifice
– Second
into the first level
flash chamber whose low pressure corresponds
to a saturation temperature less than that of the incoming
heated• Third level Hence some of the water must be
sea water.
– Fourth
evaporated, level that its temperature can fall to around
in order
» Fifth level to the pressure in the chamber.
that which corresponds
• Unevaporated water flows through an orifice-which maintains
pressure difference-into the second chamber where more
water is evaporated since the pressure is lower than in the
first chamber.

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 • A brine pump extracts low density unevaporated water and
Click to edit Master title style
discharges the bulk overboard. Some however may return to
the suction side of the supply pump through the auto-valve B
to maintain the feed inlet temperature at about 30°C
• irrespective
Click to edit of how low thetext
Master sea water
stylestemperature may be.
• The vapour and non-condensible gases in each of the
– Secondpass
chambers level
through the demisters then over and down
• Third
through the level
vapour condensers. Distillate flows from the first
stage to –the second
Fourth levelthrough an orifice then it is extracted by
the distillate»pump and delivered to the storage tank. A
Fifth level
salinity detector controls the distillate pump, if the density is
too high the pump stops and the distillate passes over the
double loop seal to the brine pump suction to be discharged
overboard.
• Non-condensible gases are extracted by the ejector which
maintains the high vacuum condition in the chambers

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 Salinometer
Click to edit Master title style
• Pure distilled water may be considered a non-conductor of
electricity. The addition of impurities such as salts in solution
• increases
Click to the conductivity of the water, and this can be
edit Master text styles
measured. Since the conductivity of the water is, for low
– Second level
concentrations, related to the impurity content, a conductivity
meter can be used to monitor the salinity of the water.
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level

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 Click
Drinking
to editWater
Master
Treatment
title style
• Filtration – to remove any solid particulate matter –
•using
Clickcarbon
to editfilter,
Master text styles
membrane filter etc.
• Sterilisation
– Second level
– to remove bacteria – through
• Third level
chlorination, UV treatment, ozonisation etc.
– Fourth level
• Neutralisation – to neutralise acidic nature – add
» Fifth level
calcium or magnesium carbonate
• Mineralisation – to add minerals required for human
body by dosing calcium or magnesium carbonate

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 Click
Drinking
to editwater
Master
treatment
title style
• The low operating temperature of the evaporator is
• not
Clicksufficient
to edit to sterilize.
Master Harmful
text stylesorganisms may
enter with the sea water and pass through to the
– Second level
domestic water tank. There is a likelihood that while
• Third level
in the domestic tank, water may become infested
– Fourth level
with bacteria. Sterilization
» Fifth level
by the addition of
chlorine, is recommended.

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 Chlorine
Click tosterilization
edit Master and conditioning
title style
• The distillate is passed through a neutralite unit containing magnesium
and calcium carbonate. Some absorption of CO2 from the water and the
neutralizing effect of these compounds, removes acidity. The addition of
• hardness
Click to edit
salts Master
also gives text
the water styles
a better taste. The sterilizing agent
chlorine, being a gas, is carried into the water as a constituent of sodium
– Second(alevel
hypochlorite liquid) or in granules of calcium chloride dissolved in
water. The addition is set to bring chlorine content to 0.2 ppm. The
• Third
passage of waterlevel
from storage tanks to the domestic system, is by way a
– Fourth
carbon filter which removes
level the chlorine taste.
» Fifth level

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 Click to Reverse
edit osmosis
Master title style
• Osmosis is the natural process which
occurs when water spontaneously
flows from a purer solution, through a
• semi-permeable membrane into a
Click to edit Master
more concentrated text
solution. In A, the styles
semi-permeable membrane will allow
– Second
water level it but not salt. In
to pass through
B, the height will increase until the
• Third
pressure of thelevel
column of salt water is
so high that it causes
– Fourth the water flow to
level
stop. The difference in the water levels
on the two sides » Fifth
is thelevel
“Osmotic
Pressure”. In Reverse Osmosis the
natural osmosis forces are overcome
by applying an external pressure to the
concentrated solution. Thus the flow
of water is reversed and pure water is
removed from the feed solution,
leaving a more concentrated salt
solution.

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 • Reverse Osmosis (RO) is the finest level of filtration available.
Click to edit Master title style
Reverse Osmosis is a membrane process that acts as a
molecular filter to remove 95 to 99% of dissolved salts and
inorganic molecules, as well as organic molecules with a
• Click to edit
molecular weightMaster text100.
greater than styles
The Reverse
– Second level also removes more than 98% of residual
Osmosis membrane
biological and colloidal matter from the feed water, resulting
• Third level
in a highly purified product stream.
– Fourth level
» Fifth level

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 • For production of large amounts of pure water, the membrane
Click to edit Master title style
area must be large and it must be arranged in a configuration
which makes it strong enough to withstand the very high
pump pressure needed. The pump delivery pressure for a
• reverse
Click to osmosis system of 60
edit Master barstyles
text calls for a robust
reciprocating or gear pump. The system must be protected by
a–relief
Second level
arrangement.
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level

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18
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 • Membrane material used for sea-water purification is produced in the
Click to edit Master title style
form of flimsy polyamide or polysulphonate sheets, which without backing
would not be strong enough. It is done by making up spirally wound
cartridges. The core of the cartridge is a porous tube to which are attached
the open edges porous tube for water which is squeezed through the
• membranes.
Click to edit Master
The envelopes text styles
are separated by coarse gauze sheets. The
finished cartridge is produced by rotating the actual central tube, so that
– Second
envelopes and level
separators are wrapped around it in a spiral, to form a
cylindrical shape. Cartridges with end spacers, are housed in tubes of
• Third
stainless level
steel or other material.
– Fourth level
» Fifth level

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 Click to edit Master title style
• One
Clickproblem
to edit withMaster any filtration
text stylessystem, is that
deposit
– Secondaccumulates
level and gradually blocks the filter.
Design of the cartridges is therefore such that the
• Third level
sea-water feedlevel
– Fourth passes through the spiral windings
and over the membrane
» Fifth level sheets with a washing
action that assists in keeping the surfaces clear of
deposit. A dosing chemical, sodium
hexametaphosphate, is also added to assist the
action. There is also a back flushing system to
remove the deposits.
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20
©
 Pre-treatment and post-treatment
Click to edit Master title style
•• Sea-water feed for reverse osmosis plant, is pretreated before
Click to edit Master text styles
being passed through. The chemical sodium
– Second level is added to assist the wash through of
hexametaphosphate
salt deposit
• Third on the surface of the elements and the sea water
level
is sterilized to remove bacteria which would otherwise
– Fourth level
become resident in the filter. Chlorine is reduced by the
compressed»carbonFifth level
filter while solids are removed by the
other filters.
• Treatment is also necessary to make the water product of
reverse osmosis potable. The method is much the same as for
water produced in low temperature evaporators.

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 ClickDomestic
to edit Master
water title
tanksstyle
• Harmful organisms in drinking water storage tanks have
• Click
causedto edit
major Master
health textTostyles
problems. eliminate this problem,
water storage
– Second tanks should be pumped out at six-month
level
intervals and the surfaces should be hosed to down clean
them.• Third
At thelevel
12-month inspection, recoating may be needed
in addition to thelevel
– Fourth cleaning. Washing with a 50 ppm solution of
chlorine is done. Super-chlorinating when the vessel is
» Fifth level
drydocked, consists of leaving a 50ppm chlorine solution in
the tank over a four hour period, followed by flushing with
clean water.
• The steel tank surfaces may be prepared for coating by wire
brushing and priming. Subsequently a cement wash is applied
or an epoxy or other coating suitable for use in fresh water
tanks.

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