How will you calculate the piston speed if you know the

stroke length and engine speed?

Piston Speed (Ps) = 2LNe

Where L = Stroke length in mm
Ne = Engine speed in rpm
Then Ps = velocity of piston in mm/minute
PISTON RINGS
A piston ring is a metallic split ring that is attached to the
outer diameter of a piston in an IC Engine.
Functions:
 To seal the combustion chamber thus preventing the
gases to enter into the crankcase.
 Conducting heat from the piston to the cylinder wall
 Maintaining the proper quantity of the oil between the
piston and the cylinder wall
 Regulating engine oil consumption by scraping oil from
the cylinder walls back to the sump.

Types:
1. Compression ring 2. Oil Control ring
PISTON RINGS
PISTON RINGS

 Piston rings are designed to seal the gap between the piston
and the cylinder wall. 
 If this gap were too small, thermal expansion of the piston
seizes in the cylinder,
 If this gap is large it would cause insufficient sealing of the
piston rings against the cylinder walls, resulting in
excessive blow by thus reducing the power output of the
engine.
PISTON RINGS
Material Selection:
 Cast iron
Alloys and coatings are done on the piston rings, The most
common form of alloying cast iron is chromium,
molybdenum, vanadium, titanium, nickel, and copper.
PISTON RINGS
Manufacturing process:
Piston Rings Manufacturing process – Video Presentation

Selection of Material

Casting Process

Secondary Process

Heat Treatment Process

Inspection & Testing

Dispatch
LINER or SLEEVE
A cylinder liner is a cylindrical part to be fitted into an
engine block to form a cylinder.

Functions:
1. The cylinder liner, serving as the inner wall of a cylinder,
forms a sliding surface for the piston rings while retaining
the lubricant within.
2. The cylinder liner receives combustion heat through the
piston and piston rings and transmits the heat to the
coolant.

3. The cylinder liner prevents the compressed gas and

combustion gas from escaping outside.
Material Selection:
 Grey Cast iron
 Lighter engines, materials for engine blocks have been shifting from cast
iron to aluminum alloys.
 But the sliding surface for the inner cylinder aluminum alloys has
drawbacks in deformation during operation and wear-resistance.
 For that reason, cast iron cylinder liners are used in most cases.
Types of liner:
1. Dry Type Cylinder Liner:

It is the most common type of cylinder liner made up of

cast iron and ceramic-nickel plating which are high-grade
materials.
Dry liners are relatively thinner than Wet liners.
Dry liner is not in direct contact with the coolant but
protects Piston from wear and impurities.

Advantages:
It is easy to replace.
It has no exposure to water jacket difficulty.
It can be used in all kinds of Engines.

Disadvantages:
Fitting of dry liner is difficult
Heat dissipation is not quite efficient.
1. Wet Type Cylinder Liner:

Wet type Cylinders are made up of the same material

as of Dry Type Cylinder Liner.
Wet Liners interact with Engine coolant directly to
protect the Piston.
Wet Liners have better heat dissipation and cooling than
Dry-type Cylinder Liner.

Advantages:

Wet type Liner is that it is comparatively easy to

manufacture, Cooling is more effective and longitudinal
stress is relieved due to thermal expansion of liner.
Disadvantages:
Wet type Liners is that its replacement is difficult and
there is a risk of water leakage problems.
Air-Cooled or Finned Cylinder Liner:

These are specifically designed for Air-Cooled Engines.

It’s working is the same as Dry Cylinder Liner but the
cooling Medium in this scenario is air.
Advantages:
It is resistant to corrosion
It has very effective heat dissipation.

Disadvantages:
It Cannot be used other coolant based Mechanism.
Manufacturing Process:
Centrifugal Casting process
2. Centrifugal Casting process – Video presentation
 The mold wall is coated by a refractory ceramic coating.
 Started to rotate at the predetermined speed. (250 to
3600 rpm)
 Hot metal is pouring into the mold (no gating system is
employed).
 The mold is stopped after the casting has solidified.
 Extraction of the casting from the mold.
 The casting solidifies from the outside fed by the inner
liquid metal.
 used for manufacturing of iron pipes, bushings, wheels,
pulleys bi-metal steel-bronze bearings and other parts
possessing axial symmetry.
 OIL PAN
 Act as cylinder cover
 Used to collect the lubricating oil and store it for
recirculation
Material Selection:
Aluminium Alloy – Die casting process
Steel – Pressed steel (Hydraulic press)
Manufacturing process:
Die Casting Process
3. Die Casting process – Video presentation
4. Hydraulic Press – Video presentation
Die Casting process
Advantages:
Due to metal molds used, this process produces a fine
grained casting with superior mechanical properties.
Produces very good surface finish.
Close dimensional tolerance can be obtained.
This process is economical for large scale production.

Disadvantages:
Complicated shapes cannot be produced.
Cost of die is very high and Not all metals can be
casted.
Hydraulic Press

Thank you…