DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

AND DESIGN
PRESENTED BY:
RENZ MODALEZ
FLORENCIO BACANI
JHON GLEN DONATO
CLEO BEGASO
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Introduction..
• Electrical power distribution..
• Sub-Transmission system..
• Distribution Substations...
• Elements of distribution system..
 INTRODUCTION
Electrification in the early 20th century dramatically improved
productivity and increased the well-being of the industrialized world.
No longer a luxury –now a necessity-electricity powers the
machinery, the computers, the health-care systems, and the
entertainment of modern society. Given its benefits, electricity is
inexpensive, and its price continues to slowly decline.
Electric power distribution is the portion of the power
delivery infrastructure that takes the electricity from the highly
meshed, high-voltage transmission circuits and delivers it to
customers.
• Electric Power Distribution
- It is the final stage in the delivery of electric power; it carries
electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers.
- the power delivery infrastructure that takes electricity from highly
meshed, high-voltage transmission circuits and delivers it to
customers.
• Sub-transmission System
• Are those circuits that supply distribution sub-station Common
sub-transmission voltages include 34.5,69, 115, and 138kV.
• -higher voltage sub-transmission lines can carry more
power with less losses over greater distances.
• Distribution Substations
• - They connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage
to medium voltage ranging between 2 kV and 35 kV with the use of
transformers.
• - Small rural substation may have nominal rating of 5MVA while an urban station
may be over 200MVA.
• -The transition from transmission to distribution happens in a power substation,
which has the following functions:
• - Circuit breakers and switches enable the substation to be disconnected from
the transmission grid or for distribution lines to be disconnected.
• - Transformers step down transmission voltages, 35 kV or more, down to
primary distribution voltages. These are medium voltage circuits, usually 600-
35,000 V.
• - From the transformer, power goes to the busbar that can split the distribution
power off in multiple directions. The bus distributes power to distribution lines,
which fan out to customers.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DIAGRAM
 ELEMENTS OF DISTRIBUTION SYTEM
• Feeder- is a conductor which connects the substation to the area
where power is to be distributed.
• - are used to feed the electrical power from the generating station to
the substation
• Distributer- is a conductor from which tapings are taken from pole
mounted transformer to the consumer.
• - current through a distributer is not constant because tapings are
taken at various places along its length.
• Service Mains- is generally a small cable which connects the
distributer to the consumer’s meter.
• -The connecting links between the distributor and the consumer
terminals.
• Connection Schemes of distribution system
• Radial System
• Ring main system
• Interconnected system
• Radial system
• - separate feeders radiate from a single substation and feed
the distributors at one end only.
• -only one path is connected between each customer and
substation.
• -electrical power flows along a single path.
• Ring System- it consist of two or more paths between power
sources and the customer.
• -the loop circuit starts from substation bus-bars, makes a
loop through the area to be served and returns to the substation.
• Interconnected System
• - it is supplied by a number of feeders.
• -Radial primary feeders can be tapped off from the
interconnecting tie feeders.
• Requirement of good Distribution System
 Continuity in the power supply must be ensured.
 Voltage must not vary more than the prescribed limits.
 Efficiency of line must be high as possible.
 Safe from consumer point of view.
 Layout should not affect the appearance of locality.
 Line should not be overloaded.
 WHAT IS DISTRIBUTION DESIGN?
• Is a design to meet the needs of each facility's electrical load...
part of the facility power distribution design includes evaluating
voltage drop, harmonic distortion , and power factor within the
electrical system.
A TYPICAL DISTRIBUTION DESIGN CAN
CONSIST OF:
• SUBSTATION
• DISTRIBUTION FEEDER CIRCUIT
• SWITCHES
• PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
• PRIMARY CIRCUITS
• DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
• SECONDARIES
• SERVICES
 SUBSTATION
• Is a high voltage electric
system facilities.it is use to
switch generators
equipment ,and circuits or
lines in and out of a
system.
 DISTRIBUTION FEEDER CIRCUITS
• are connection between
the output terminals of a
distribution subtation and
the input terminals of
primary circuits.

DISTRIBUTION MAIN FEEDER

 SWITCHES
• Distributin system have switches installed at strategic
location to rediect or cut-off power flows for load
balancing or sectionalizing.Also this permits repairing of
damaged lines or equipment or upgrading work on the
system.
The many types of switches include
circuit-breaker switches
single-pole disconnect switches
three-pole group operated switches
pad-mounted switchgear
air-break isolator switch
AIR-BREAK ISOLATOR SWITCH
 PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
• In a distribution system consist
of distribution relays,cut-out
switches,lightning arrester,and
fuses.this work in individualy
or may work in concert to
open circuits whenever a short
circuit lighting strikes or other
disruptive event occurs.
 PRIMARY CIRCUITS
• are distribution circuits that carry power from substation
to local loads areas.
 3 TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION DESIGN
• There is three basic types of distribution system design:
Radial,Loop and Network system . as you might except , you can
use combination of these three system and these is frequently
done.the radial distribution is the cheapest to build , and is widely
used in sparely populated area.
 RADIAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• A system whereby power is receivd at utility supply voltage level
by a single incoming substation. through a series of step down
and splits , the power is converted for individual end use
equipment.
 LOOP DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• As the name implies, loop through the service area and return to the original
point. the loop is usually tied into an alternate power source . by placing
switches in strategic location , the utility can supply power to costumer from
either direction. if one source fails, switches are thrown (automatically or
manually), and power can be fed to costumers from the other source.

• the loop system is more expensive than the radial because more switches
and conductors are required, but the resultant improved system reliability is
often worth the price.
 NETWORK DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• Network distribution system are the most complicated and are
interlocking loop systems. a given costumer can be supplied from
two , three , four , or more different power supplies. obviously, the
big advantage of such a system is added reliability . however , it is
also the most expensive . for this reason itis usually used only in
congested , high load density municipal or downtown areas.
 WHAT IS
DISTRIBUTION LINES?
-An overhead power line is a structure
used in electric power transmission and 
distribution to transmit electrical energy along
large distances. It consists of one or more 
conductors suspended by towers or poles.
Since most of the insulation is provided by air,
overhead power lines are generally the lowest-
cost method of power transmission for large
quantities of electric energy.
OVERHEAD POWERLINE 
is a structure used in electric power
transmission and distribution to transmit electrical
energy along large distances.
 TYPES OF UTILITY POLES
• WOODEN POLES - The traditional wood pole material provides great
flexibility during placement of hardware and cable apparatus.
• NON WOODEN POLES -
• CONCRETE POLES -The most widespread use of concrete poles is
in marine environments and coastal zones. Their heavy weight also
helps the concrete poles resist the high winds possible in coastal
areas.
• STEEL POLES -Steel poles can provide advantages for high-voltage
lines, where taller poles are required for enhanced clearances and
longer span requirements.
– FRC POLES
 -utility pole is a column or post
used to support overhead power lines
and various other public utilities, such
as electrical cable, fibre optic cable, and
related equipment such
as transformers and street lights.
 UNDERGROUND DISTRIBUTION
• Types of Underground Electric Transmission Cables
• There are two main types of underground transmission lines currently in use.
One type is
• constructed in a pipe with fluid or gas pumped or circulated through and
around the cable in orderto manage heat and insulate the cables.
• The other type is a solid dielectric cable which requires nofluids or gas and is
a more recent technological advancement. The common types of
undergroundcable construction include:
High-pressure, fluid-filled pipe (HPFF)
High-pressure, gas-filled pipe (HPGF)
• Self-contained fluid-filled (SCFF)
• Solid cable, cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE)
• Costs
• The estimated cost for constructing underground transmission lines ranges from 4 to 14 times more
expensive than overhead lines of the same voltage and same distance. A typical new 69 kV overhead
single-circuit transmission line costs approximately $285,000 per mile as opposed to $1.5 million per
mile for a new 69 kV underground line (without the terminals). A new 138 kV overhead line costs
approximately $390,000 per mile as opposed to $2 million per mile for underground (without the
• terminals).
• Cable Repairs
• Repair costs for an underground line are usually greater than costs for an equivalent overhead line.
Leaks can cost $50,000 to $100,000 to locate and repair. A leak detection system for a HPFF cable
system can cost from $1,000 to $400,000 to purchase and install depending on the system technology.
Molded joints for splices in XLPE line could cost about $20,000 to repair. Field-made splices could cost
up to $60,000 to repair.
• Potential Fluid Leaks
• Although pipe-type underground transmission lines require little maintenance, transmission owners
must establish and follow an appropriate maintenance program, otherwise pipe corrosion can lead to
fluid leaks
THANK YOU!!
KONTING PANAHON
NALANG
GA-GRADUATE
NA TAYO!!