Topic 5 Motion

5.1 Analysing the motion of vehicles on land

1
ITeach – Science Form 5
 Topic 5 Motion
Analysing The Motion Of Vehicles On Land

The Motion Of Vehicles On Land

Vehicle without engine Vehicle with engine

Bicycle
Cars buses, lorries, motorcycles

2
ITeach – Science Form 5
 Topic 5 Motion
Analysing The Motion Of Vehicles On Land

The structure and principle of operation of vehicles with engines

Engine is a machine that converts chemical energy (fuel) into kinetic energy to
produce motion.

Petrol Engine

Classified as internal combustion engine

Two-stroke petrol engine

Four-stroke petrol engine

 Made up of four hollow cylinders with a piston each
 Each piston works in four stages known as four-stroke combustion cycle

Four-stroke petrol engine

3
ITeach – Science Form 5
 Topic 5 Motion
Analysing The Motion Of Vehicles On Land
Comparison between the four stroke petrol engine, four stroke diesel engine and two stroke petrol
engine

Four-stroke petrol engine Four-stroke diesel engine Two-stroke petrol engine

Similarities
 All are internal combustion engines
 All convert chemical energy to heat and kinetic energy
Differences
• Uses a spark plug
• A mixture of petrol and air is
sucked into the cylinder
during induction stroke
• Less powerful and less
efficient
• Cause less pollution
• Petrol and air enter and
exhaust gas blown out
through valves
• Combustion in four strokes
• Used by wheeled light
vehicles (eg car and vans)
ITeach – Science Form 5
• Does not use spark plug
but has fuel injector
• Only air is sucked into the
cylinder during induction
stroke
• More powerful and more
efficient
• Causes more pollution
• Diesel is injected into the
cylinder through fuel
injector and exhaust gas
blown out through valves
• Combustion in four strokes
• Used by heavy vehicles
(eg. lorries and busses)
• Uses spark plug
• A mixture of petrol and air
is drawn into crankcase
• More powerful (compare to
the same capacity) but
less efficient
• Causes more pollution
• Petrol and air enter and
exhaust gas blown out
through outlets (without
valves)
• Combustion in two strokes
• Used by light vehicles and
machine (eg motorcycles
and chainsaw motor)
4
 Topic 5 Motion
Analysing The Motion Of Vehicles On Land

The relation between the structured and the operation of the engine and the
movement of vehicles

5
ITeach – Science Form 5
 Topic 5 Motion
Analysing Concepts Of Speed, Velocity And Acceleration

The concepts of speed, velocity and acceleration

Definition Formula Unit SI Magnitude Direction Quantity

Total path travelled by a

Distance - m a scalar
moving object

The rate of change of Distance travelled

Speed distance or distance m/s a scalar
travelled per unit time Time taken

Distance travelled in a
The rate of change of
given direction
Velocity distance travelled in a m/s a a vector
specific direction
Time taken

Final velocity – Initial

The rate of change of velocity
Acceleration m / s2 a a vector
velocity
Time taken
6
ITeach – Science Form 5
 Topic 5 Motion
Analysing concepts of speed, velocity and acceleration
Measuring velocity and acceleration of a moving object in laboratory

 Ticker timer vibrates with a frequency of 50 Hz and produces a series

of dots on a piece of ticker tape.

 Frequency 50 Hz means it will print 50 dots onto ticker tape in a

second. Hence, the time between two dots is 0.02 s

Example

7
ITeach – Science Form 5 Past Year Question
 Topic 5 Motion
Understand The Concept Of Inertia
Inertia

The tendency of a body of mass to remain its state of rest or

of uniform in a straight line

While standing and

holding onto a hand-
grip on a moving bus,
you will experience a
feeling of being
pushed to the front
when the bus suddenly
stop.

A coin drops into the

glass when the
cardboard is flicked is
an example of the
inertia of an object
8
ITeach – Science Form 5
 Topic 5 Motion
Understanding the concept of inertia

Relationship between mass and inertia

The higher the mass, the higher

is the inertia.

Inference: Inertia of an object is affected by the mass of the object

Aim: To study the relationship between mass and inertia
Hypothesis: The higher the mass of an object, the higher the inertia of the object.
Variables:
Manipulated : Mass of bottle
Responding : Inertia of bottle
Constant : Length of the strings, size of bottle
Material & Apparatus : Sand and two identical bottles, string
Procedure :
Observation: Bottle Observation 1 Observation 2
Empty Less force More force
Fill with sand Less force More force
Conclusion: Object with larger mass has greater inertia
9
ITeach – Science Form 5 Past Year Question
 Topic 5 Motion
Understand The Concept Of Inertia

Momentum

momentum = mass x velocity = mv Unit : Kg m / s

As mass increases, momentum increases.

As velocity increases, momentum increases.

Principle of conservation of momentum

In the absence of external force, total momentum of two or more objects before
collision is equal to the total momentum after the collision.

Total momentum before a collision = Total momentum after the collision

m1 u1 + m2u2 = m1 v1 + m2v2 (m = mass, u = initial velocity, v = final velocity)

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 10

ITeach – Science Form 5
 Topic 5 Motion
Applying the concept of momentum

The relationship between momentum and mass

Aim: To study the relationship between momentum and mass

Hypothesis: The higher the mass of an moving object, the higher is the
momentum of the object
Variables:
Manipulated : Mass of trolley
Responding : Momentum of trolley
Constant : Velocity of trolley, height where trolley is released,
steepness of runway.
Material & Apparatus : Two identical trolleys, runaway, wooden
blocks, plasticine
Procedure :

Observation: No. of trolley Distance of displacement of wooden block A /cm

1 3
2 6

Conclusion: The heavier moving object has greater momentum.

11
ITeach – Science Form 5
 Topic 5 Motion
Applying the concept of momentum

The application of inertia and momentum in the safety features

Head rest Air bags

Protect neck of passengers if Prevent passengers from
the head is thrown slamming onto dash board,
backwards when car is steering wheel and
bumped from behind windscreen

Bumpers are
elastic so that it Front and rear
can absorb the Part of the vehicle
impact due to are designed to
collision crumple easily to
absorb the impact
of collision

Seat belts Brake system

Prevent passenger from Reduces the speed of
being thrown forward during vehicles so that its
the sudden stop of vehicle momentum is reduced
due to inertia
12
ITeach – Science Form 5
 Topic 5 Motion
Synthesising The Concept Of Pressure

Pressure

Pressure = Force per unit area. N / m2, Pa

= Force
Area

Area decrease ,
Pressure increase

Example : cutting, nailing

Area increase,
Pressure decrease
Example :
- Wide tyre
- Bag with wide handle

13
ITeach – Science Form 5 Past Year Question
 Topic 5 Motion
Synthesising The Concept Of Pressure
The Relationship Between Pressure, Force and Area

The pressure can be increased either by

increasing the force acting on the surface or
decreasing the surface area in contact

Aim To study the relationship between force and pressure

Hypothesis The larger the force, the greater the pressure exerted on surface

Manipulated Weight of block

Responding Pressure exert on surface
Constant Size of contact area of the block, height of block released
Depth of the dent on
Procedure Observation Block
plasticine
Copper block Deeper

Wooden block Shallower

Conclusion : For the same contact area, the greater force will exert a
greater pressure on a surface.
14
ITeach – Science Form 5
 Topic 5 Motion

Applying The principle Of Hydraulic System in Everyday Life

Pascal’s Principle

When pressure is applied to an enclosed fluid, the pressure is transmitted uniformly

throughout the fluid in all directions.

When piston is
pushed in
Water

Water spurts out from all

the holes with the same force

15
ITeach – Science Form 5
 Topic 5 Motion

Applying The principle Of Hydraulic System in Everyday Life

Principle of The Hydraulic system
Principle of transmission of pressure in liquids is used in the operation of
hydraulic system
P1 = P2
F1 F2
=
A1 A2
F1 = 10N The pressure
F2 on the large
A1= 1 cm2 piston, P2 is
A force F1 = 10N
A2= 100 cm2 equal to the
acts on small
pressure on
piston with
the small
surface area A1 =
piston, P1
1 cm2. Therefore,
the pressure F2
exerted on small Liquid P2 = = P1
piston is A2

F1 A2 = 100 cm2
P1 = F2 = 10 × 100
A1 Pressure of P1 = 10N cm-2 is = 1000N
10 transmitted equally through the
=
1 liquid without change
= 10 N cm-2
16
ITeach – Science Form 5 Past Year Question
 Topic 5 Motion
Applying the principal of hydraulic system in everyday life

Hydraulic jack Hydraulic brake

Application of
Dental chair hydraulic system Excavator

Power steering Garage lift

17
ITeach – Science Form 5
 Topic 5 Motion
Analysing The Motion Of Vehicles In Water

Principle of operation of vehicles on water

Boat Hovercraft
• Oar • Air cushion
• Conservation of • Conservation of
momentum momentum

Hydrofoil
• Wings which lift Ship
• Engine and
the body out of
propeller
water • Conservation of
• Reduce drag, can
momentum
move in great speed

The shapes vehicles facilitate motion in water

Streamlined shape helps to reduce the

water resistance and drag

18
ITeach – Science Form 5
 Topic 5 Motion
Analysing the motion of vehicles in water

Archimedes’ Principal

When an object is (partially/ wholly) submersed in a fluid, the upthrust (buoyant

force) on the object is equal to the weight of the fluid displacement and its also
equal to the apparent loss of weight of the object submersed.

Upthurst = Weight of the fluid displaced

= Apparent loss of weight of object submersed in the fluid
Weight of stone in the air,
W1 = 5N

Weight of stone in the water,

W2 = 4N
The apparent loss of weight
of the stone, W1 – W2= 1N
Weight of water displaced,
W3 = 1N
Apparent loss of weight
of the stone = Weight of
water displaced
= Upthrust
19
ITeach – Science Form 5 Past Year Question
 Topic 5 Motion
Analysing the motion of vehicles in water

Applications of Archimedes’ Principal

Object sink : Object float :

upthurst < weight of the object in air upthrust = weight of object in air

How submarines float, sink and resurface

1. A submarine dives as its ballast tanks

are filled with water

2. A submarine rises as air is pumped back

into the ballast tanks and water is forced
out

20
ITeach – Science Form 5
 Topic 5 Motion
Analysing The Motion Of Vehicles In The Air

Principle of operation of vehicles in the air

• Lifting force = Weight

Aeroplane • Engine thrust = Air resistance
with Jet engine • Forward momentum = Backward
momentum

Hot air balloon

Upthrust > Weight of balloon

• Rotor blades spin produce a lift more than

Helicopter the weight of helicopter
• Propeller rotate produce a momentum
backward = momentum forward

Rocket
Upward momentum = Downward momentum

21
ITeach – Science Form 5
 Topic 5 Motion
Analysing the motion of vehicles in the air

Comparison between the jet engine and the rocket

Hot gases

 Similarities
 Both are internal combustion engines
 Movements are based on the principle of conservation of momentum

Jet engine Rocket

 Can fly in Earth’s atmosphere  Can travel in atmosphere and
outer space
 Uses oxygen from Earth’s  Uses liquid oxygen stored in
atmosphere rocket
 Uses kerosene as fuel  Uses liquid hydrogen as fuel
 Need a long runway  Does not need runway as it
goes upward
22
ITeach – Science Form 5
 Topic 5 Motion
Analysing The Motion Of Vehicles In The Air
Bernoulli’s Principle

When the speed of a fluid increases, its pressure decreases and vice versa.

Explanation Explanation

Explanation Explanation

Conclusion

The pressure exerted by a fluid decreases as its speed increases and vice versa.
23
ITeach – Science Form 5
 Topic 5 Motion
Analysing the motion of vehicles in the air

The application of Bernoulli’s principle in air flight

Listing
Faster air movement
force
Lower pressure

Aerofoil shape of aero plane's wing

Lift (due to the difference in pressure on

Slower air movement top and below the wings
Higher pressure

Thrust (generated by
Drag (due to air the engines)
resistance)

Weight (due to the pull of gravity)

The faster an aeroplane moves, the greater the difference in air pressure at the upper surface
and lower surface. Hence, it produces an upward force on the wing that lifts the plane
upwards.
24
ITeach – Science Form 5