NUMERICAL

COMPUTATION
TECHNIQUES FOR
CONTINUOS AND
DISCRETE MODELS
TOPICS TO BE COVERED:--
BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
TYPES OF MODELS
INTRODUCTION TO VARIOUS MODELS
ANALYTIC vs NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES
CONTINUOUS MODELS
DISCRETE MODELS
CONTINUOUS vs DISCRETE MODELS
CONTINUOS TIME MODEL AND DISCRETE TIME
MODEL
BASIC TERMINOLOGIES:-
 Before we move on to the main topic, me must discuss
about the Basic Terminologies which we are going to
discuss in the upcoming presentation.
Here are some basic terminologies:
SIMULATION:- A simulation of a system is the
operation of a model of the system, as an imitation of
the real system.
A tool to evaluate the performance of a system,existing
or proposed, under different configurations of interest
and over a long period of time.
 e.g.: A simulation of an industrial process to learn
about its behavior under different operating
conditions in order to improve the process.
SYSTEM:-A system is any set of interrelated
components acting together to achieve a common
objective.
e.g.: Battery: Consists of anode, cathode, acid and
other components.These components act together to
achieve one objective i.e. give power to the connect
system.
MODEL:-A model of a system is a representation of
the construction and working of the system.
 TYPES OF MODEL

MODELS

PHYSICAL MATHEMATICAL

DYNAMIC
DYNAMIC STATIC

STATIC ANALYTIC ANALYTIC

NUMERICAL NUMERICAL

SYSTEM
SIMULATION
PHYSICAL MODEL:- A Physical Object that Mimics
some properties of a real system.
e.g.: During design of buildings, it is common to
construct small physical models with the same shape
and appearance as the real buildings to be studied.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL:-A description of a system
where the relationship between variables of the system
are expressed in a mathematical form. That means to
express mathematical relationships between the
inputs and outputs.
STATIC MODEL:-Static modeling is time independent
view of a system. However, Static modeling is supposed
to detail what preferably might happen instead of the
many possibilities. That's why, it is more rigid and cannot
be changed. Therefore, it is called Static Modeling.
DYNAMIC MODEL:-Dynamic Modeling is time dependent
and more appropriate.It show what an object does
essentially with many possibilities that may arise. It is
flexible but its flexibility is limited to the design on the
system. Interaction, State Chart and Collaboration
Diagrams are good examples of Dynamic Modeling.
 ANALYTIC vs NUMERICAL
TECHNIQUES:-
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES:-
Analytical techniques means using the deductive
reasoning of mathematical theory to solve models.In
practice ,only certain forms of equation can be solved.
e.g. Linear differential equations can be solved.
NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES:-
Numerical techniques involves applying computational
procedures to solve equations. System simulation is
considered to be numerical computation techniques used
in conjunction with dynamic mathematical models.
e.g. The solution of a complicated integral which then
needs to be expended as a power series for evaluation.
CONTINUOUS SYSTEM:-
A Continuous System is whose inputs and outputs are
capable of changing at any instance of time.
Continuous simulations are based on a set of
Differential equations. These equations define the
pecularity of the state variables ,the environments
factors so to speak of a system.

Continuous System
DISCRETE SYSTEM:-
A Discrete System is a System with a countable
number of states that may be described in precise
mathematical model.

Discrete System
CONTINUOS AND DISCRETE MODEL:-

CONTINUOS SIMULATION MODEL:-

In continuous models, time passes linearly and the
processes vary directly with time. The inputs of the
continuous system may vary continuously by
infinitely small time intervals and the system responds
to these inputs with continuous output.
Examples of continuous-system situations include
pollution from a factory and the flow of fluid in a pipe.
DISCRETE SIMULATION MODEL:-
Discrete-event models deal with events and specific
time intervals.
Examples of discrete events include computer-
performance evaluation and inventory dispatch
systems.
DISCRETE SYSTEM TERMINOLOGIES:-

o State : A variable characterizing an attribute

in the system such as level of stock in
inventory or number of jobs waiting for
processing.
o Event: An occurrence at a point in time,
which may change the state of the system,
such as arrival of a customer or start of work
on a job.
 Entity : An object that passes through the
system,such as cars in an intersection or orders
in a factory. Often an event (e.g., arrival) is
associated with an entity (e.g., customer).
 Queue : A queue is not only a physical queue of
people, it can also be a task list, a buffer of
finished goods waiting for transportation or any
place where entities are waiting for something
to happen for any reason.
 Creating :Creating is causing an arrival of a
new entity to the system at some point in
time.
 Scheduling :Scheduling is the act of assigning
a new future event to an existing entity.
 Random Variable : A random variable is a
quantity that is uncertain, such as inter-arrival
time between two incoming flights or
number of defective parts in a shipment.
 Random Variate :A random variate is an
artificially generated random variable.
 Distribution: A distribution is the
mathematical law, which governs the
probabilistic features of a random variable.
CONTINUOUS OR DISCRETE?:
1) Experimental data is discrete,but large amount of
data is almost continuous.
2) More mathematical tools are available for
continuous model,computer can only analyze
Discrete Model.
3) Continuous Model can be discretized , and discrete
model can be approximated by Continuous One.
4) Continuous model needs calculus, discrete model
needs only algebra.
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