INTRODUCTION

 Module Name: Fundamentals of Architecture, BEG210 AR, Semester IV

 Module Objective: To Provide the Students with the basic knowledge in architectural
planning and design of different private and public buildings.

 Course Tutor: Ujjwal Ghimire, Architect

Diploma in Architecture, 2006, IOE
B. Arch, 2012, IOE
MSC Urban Planning, 2016
2+ Year Academic Experience
5+ Years, Architecture Profession
www.ujjwalghimire.com.np
ujjwalghimire@outlook.com
+977 9841606108
 INTRODUCTION
 Teaching Hours/Week : 2 theory + 2 practical
 Examination Scheme : 100 marks,
 Internal Assessment: 50 Practical + 10 Theory
 Final Written Examination: 40
 10 weeks – Instructions
 4 weeks – Seminar Assessment
 1 week – Marks Submission to Department
 ARCHITECTURE?
 Art & Science
 Activity > Designing & Construction > by man/machine > to provided socially
purposeful shelter.
 Design of total Built Environment.

 Hence, Architecture is the art, science of designing and constructing

functionally graceful structures to serve the user well.
 ARCHITECTURE?
 Architecture is both the process and product of planning, designing and
construction.
 It is the art and science of design and erecting buildings and other physical
structures.
 It is a style and method of design and construction of buildings and other
physical structures.
 It is a design activity, from the macro-level (urban design, landscape
architecture) to the micro-level (construction details and furniture).
 The term "architecture" has been adopted to describe the activity of designing
any kind of system, and is commonly used in describing information technology.
 ARCHITECTURE?
 Architecture is both the process and product of planning, designing and
construction.
 It is the art and science of design and erecting buildings and other physical
structures.
 It is a style and method of design and construction of buildings and other
physical structures.
 It is a design activity, from the macro-level (urban design, landscape
architecture) to the micro-level (construction details and furniture).
 The term "architecture" has been adopted to describe the activity of designing
any kind of system, and is commonly used in describing information technology.
Vitruvius (1st century B.C.E.)

• Utilitas = usefulness
• Firmitas = sturdiness
• Venustas = beauty or aesthetics
Function
• Excellent Example
• Size and shape of space well suited to purpose
• Placement and choice of furniture support use
• Circulation well planned and convenient
• Good lighting
• Satisfactory acoustical environment
• Unsatisfactory Example
• Size and shape awkward and inconvenient
• Placement and choice of furniture inappropriate
• Awkward circulation patterns
• Unsatisfactory lighting
• Excessive noise and distraction
Structure and Durability (Firmitas)
• A chair may function as a chair but not last for six
months (not durable)
• A paper cup can be well designed but only last for one
use (suitable for its purpose)
• Consider maintenance costs, cleaning, reupholstery
• Life time cost of use is a factor
Structure and Materials
• Excellent Example
• Choice of materials supports functional performance
• Adequate durability and ease of maintenance
• Construction of good quality
• Cost of construction appropriate
• Consideration of safety and environmental conditions
• Unsatisfactory Example
• Materials unsuitable to intended uses
• Materials subject to rapid wear and hard to maintain
• Construction obviously shoddy
• Construction excessive in cost
• Dangerous and hazardous conditions possible
Aesthetics (Venustas)
• Hard to measure or quantify
• Our standards of beauty change
• Consider appropriateness
• Possible to evaluate in terms of design principles
• Sometimes easier to evaluate in a photograph
Aesthetics
• Excellent Example
• Character and atmosphere appropriate to use
• Time and place of design expressed
• Character and quality of materials and construction
honestly expressed
• Design intentions clear and strongly developed
• Unsatisfactory Example
• Unsuitable atmosphere and visual character
• False or obscure expression of time and place
• Materials and structure falsified or obscured
• Design intention vague or confused
 ARCHITECTURE?
• Architecture is the Scientific Art of Designing built space. It involves
conceptual creation and visualization the space before actually
constructing it.
• Vitruvius: Utilitas, Fermitas, Venustas
• Maya : "Experts call all places where immortals and mortals dwell,
"dwelling sites" . The Earth is the principal dwelling place because it is
on Her that constructed dwellings such as temples have appeared and
it is because of Her nature as site and because of the temples' union
with this site that the ancients called them dwelling sites in this
world." Mayamata 2.1-3
 ARCHITECTURE?
• Kostof: Architecture is in the end, nothing less and nothing more than
the art of making places for human purpose.

• What is Difference Between Place and Space?

• Architecture is Place-Making
Architecture responds to geographical,
geological, climatic, social, cultural,
religious, technological, influences and
needs
• Earlymans' attempt to secure
protection from elements of
nature and attack, cave dwellings,
tents of saplings sheathed in bark
or brushwood, huts of reed, round
houses in stone.
Architecture responds to geographical,
geological, climatic, social, cultural,
religious, technological, influences and
needs
• Earlymans' attempt to secure
protection from elements of
nature and attack, cave dwellings,
tents of saplings sheathed in bark
or brushwood, huts of reed, round
houses in stone.
 Architectural history
10000-3000 BC Neolithic architecture – mud bricks, images of animals
painted, Stone construction
3000 BC – 300 AD Mud bricks, Limestone, Greek, Egyptian, Roman, Stone
300s – 1300s Medieval architecture – Romanesque, Pre-
Romanesque, Gothic – differed in designs of arches
and vaults
1300s – 1500s Renaissance architecture – focus on aesthetic quality
(geometry, proportion, symmetry) rather than on
functionality
1600s Baroque – focus on color, light, shade.
1700s – 1800s Neoclassical – visuals and decorations, public buildings
1890 – 1910 Early modern
1910 – 1950 Modern – focus on simplicity and practicality
1950s – 1980s Post modern – focus on practicality, use of shapes
1980s onwards Deconstructive – multiple shapes usage, practicality
and aesthetic balance.
 Factors Influencing Architecture
• Topography
• Building materials
• Climate
• Social religious structure & history
• Constructability
 Basis of Development of Architecture
• Fear
• Love
• Death
• Hope
• Desire
 Basis of Development of Architecture
• Fear
• Love
• Death
• Hope
• Desire
Elements of architectural Design
1. Space: Area provided for particular purpose
2. Line: Basic component of a shape and represents the continuous
movement of a point along a surface
• Continued on next page…
3. Color
 Color is seen either by the way light reflects off a surface, or
in colored light sources.
 There are primary colors, secondary colors, and tertiary
colors. 
 Complementary colors are colors that are opposite to each
other on the color wheel. Complementary colors are used to
create contrast.
 Analogous colors are colors that are found side by side on
the color wheel.
 These can be used to create color harmony. 
 Monochromatic colors are tints and shades of one color.
 Warm colors are a group of colors that consist of reds,
yellows, and oranges.
 Cool colors are group of colors that consist of purples,
greens, and blues.
 Color and particularly contrasting color is also used to draw
the attention to a particular part of the image.
4. Shape

 A shape is defined as an area that stands out from the space next to or around it due to a defined or implied
boundary, or because of differences of value, color, or texture.

 Natural objects such as trees form natural shapes; man made shapes form geometric shapes. In a landscape,
natural shapes, contrast with geometric shapes such as houses.
5. Texture
 Texture is perceived surface quality.

 In art, there are two types of texture: tactile and implied.

 Tactile texture (real texture) is the way the surface of an object actual
feels. Examples of this include sandpaper, cotton balls, tree bark, puppy
fur, etc.

 Implied texture is the way the surface on an object looks like it feels. The
texture may look rough, smooth, granular etc. but cannot actually be felt.
The textures you see in a photograph are implied textures. 
6. Form
 Form represents any three dimensional object. Form can be measured, from top to bottom
(height), side to side (width), and from back to front (depth). There are two types of form,
geometric (man-made) and natural (organic form). It may be enhanced by tone, texture and
color.  
 

7. Value
 Value refers to the relationship between light and dark on a surface or object.
 It gives objects depth and perception. Value is also called tone.
 

Day 3 – Dec 14 2015

Day 1- theory review

Day 2 – practical review

Day 3 – basic techniques of architectural development

Building and their types.
Previous day,

We learnt about the factors influencing architecture :

Topography
Building materials
Climate
Social religious structure
Architecture construction and art
Factors influencing Architecture:

Vernacular Architecture

Vernacular architecture is a category of architecture based on local

needs, construction materials and reflecting local traditions.
- relied on the design skills and tradition of local builders. 

Topography – building shape, characteristics

Building materials, availability > mud , stone, wood
Climate > Hot , Cold
Social religious structure eg. Daily practices, etc.
Architecture construction and art > aesthetics, values
Factors influencing Architecture:

Vernacular Architecture

Culture, Daily Practices:

In Kathmandu, houses, windows,
Communal water sources

Social Structure:

Palaces square of Kathmandu

Segregated work and spaces
Hilly Region

Aagan

Goth

Kitchen Garden

Pindi

Etc.
e” and also
Gurung used
Architecture

ials Sleeping zone on the ground floor

Near the agenu

Separate fire place for alcohol

brewing
nearby the house
First floor: grains storage.

e called dhansar. Itconsists of two floors .

e” and
Thakalialso used
Architecture

ials
Sherpa Architecture

nearby the house

e called dhansar. Itconsists of two floors .

e” and
Thakalialso used
Architecture

ials
Sherpa Architecture

nearby
Mithilathe house
Architecture

e called dhansar. Itconsists of two floors .

e” and also used
Architectural Features Developed
ials
in different stages: (architectural
development technique)

1. Post lintel / wall and lintel

construction

nearby the house

fundamental principle of
Neolithic architecture, ancient
greek architecture, Egyptian,
Persian, Lycian, indian, Chinese,
Japanese and south American
architecture.

e called dhansar. Itconsists of two floors .

 e” and also used
Architectural Features Developed
ials
in different stages: (architectural
development technique)

2. Arched and Vaulted

Construction:

nearby the house

Curved structure capable of
opening space while supporting
significant weight.

First used in indus valley

civilization

e called dhansar.
Mesopotamia, Egypt, assryria,
ancient rome…..
Itconsists of two floors .
…….--- eliminate tensile stress.
e” and also used
Architectural Features Developed
ials
in different stages: (architectural
development technique)

3. Trussed Construction

nearby the house

Static structure consisting of
straight slender members
interconnected at joints into
triangular units.

Ancient greek used trussed

construction for their dwelling.

e called dhansar. Itconsists of two floors .

 Chapter Thirteen
Architecture
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN ARCHITECTURE
Shell system, skeleton-and-skin system, weight and
tensile strength
• Load-bearing construction • Steel-frame construction
• Post-and-lintel • Suspension
• Round arch and vault • Reinforced concrete
• Pointed arch and vault • Geodesic domes
• Dome • Green architecture
• Corbelled arch and dome • Balloon-frame
• Cast-iron construction
 Load-Bearing Construction
“Stacking and Piling,” walls are constructed by piling layer upon layer, starting think at
the bottom and getting thinner as the structure rises.

Figure 13.1 Great Friday Mosque, Djenne, Mali, rebuilt 1907.

 Post-and-Lintel
The most elementary structural method; based on two uprights (the posts) supporting a
horizontal crosspiece (the lintel, or beam).

Figure 13.3 Column styles of the Greek orders.

Figure 13.2 Amon-Mut-Khonsu, Luxor, Begun c. 1390

B.C.E.
 Post-and-Lintel
Hypostyle – A large hall erected in post-and-lintel construction that serve to support
the roof.

Figure 13.2 Amon-Mut-Khonsu, Luxor, Begun c. 1390 B.C.E.

 Post-and-Lintel
Three Greek Orders – Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian

Figure 13.4 Kallikrates, Temple of Athena Nike,

Acropolis, Athens, 427-424 B.C.E.
Figure 13.3 Column styles of the Greek orders.
 Post-and-Lintel
Three Greek Orders – Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian

Be able to
identify each
order based
on these three
columns

Figure 13.4 Kallikrates, Temple of Athena Nike,

Acropolis, Athens, 427-424 B.C.E.
 Post-and-Lintel
Entablature – The horizontal structure supported by capitals that supports the roof.
- Consists of three horizontal bands: architrave, frieze, and cornice

Be able to
identify the
three parts of
the
entablature

Figure 13.4 Kallikrates, Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis,

Athens, 427-424 B.C.E.
 Post-and-Lintel
Pediment – a triangular element supported by columns

Figure 13.4 Kallikrates, Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis,

Athens, 427-424 B.C.E.
 Post-and-Lintel

Figure 13.6 Hoodo, Byodo- Figure 13.7 Bracket Figure 13.8 Stepped
in Temple, Uji, Kyoto, system. truss roof structure.
Prefecture Japan, c. 1053.
Round Arch and Vault

Keystone – The
wedge-shaped,
central stone in an
arch. Inserted last,
the keystone locks
the other stones in
place.

Figure 13.10 Interior, Sainte-Foy, Conques, France c. 1050-1120.

Round Arch and Vault

Barrel vault – A
half-rounded arch
extended in depth
that makes it
possible to create
large interior spaces.
Pointed Arch and Vault
Be able to
identify a pier,
flying
buttress, and
buttress
 Dome

Figure 13.13 Pantheon, Rome, Figure 13.15 Interior of the Pantheon.

118-125 CE.
 Dome
Figure 13.18 Taj Mahal, Agra, India, 1632-
53.
 Corbelled Arch and Dome
Corbelling– When each course of stones
projects slightly beyond the one below. Can
be used to create space-spanning forms that
resemble tan arch, vault, and dome, without
bearing weight in the same way.
 Cast-Iron Construction
Figure 13.21 Joseph Paxton,
Figure 13.22 Alexandre Gustav Eiffel,
Crystal Palace, London, 1851.
Eiffel Tower, Paris, 1889.
Balloon-Frame Construction
A true skeleton-and-skin method
 Steel-Frame Construction
Figure 13.23 Louis Sullivan,
Wainwright Building, St. Louis, Figure 13.24 Gordon Bunshaft,
1890-91. Lever House, New York, 1952.
 Suspension
Figure 13.25 Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, 1937.
 Reinforced Concrete

Figure 13.26 Joern Utzon, Sydney Opera House, Sydney, Australia, 1959-72.
Geodesic Domes
Figure 13.27 R. Buckminster Fuller, U.S.
Pavilion, Montreal, 1967.
 Purposes of Architecture
Museums
Figure 13.30 Frank O. Gehry, Figure 13.31 Frank O. Gehry, Catia
Guggenheim Museum Bilboa, rendering of Guggenheim Museum
Spain, 1997. Bilboa.
 Purposes of Architecture
Dwellings
Figure 13.34 Moshe Safdie,
Habitat, Montreal, 1967. Figure 13.35 Frank Lloyd Wright,
Fallingwater, Pennsylvania, 1936.
 Recent Directions
Green Architecture
Figure 13.42 Shigeru Ban, Japan
Figure 13.43 Shigeru Ban, Japan
Pavilion, Hanover Expo,
Pavilion interior, Hanover Expo,
Germany, 2000
Germany, 2000
 Chapter Thirteen
Architecture
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN ARCHITECTURE
Shell system, skeleton-and-skin system, weight and
tensile strength
• Load-bearing construction • Steel-frame construction
• Post-and-lintel • Suspension
• Round arch and vault • Reinforced concrete
• Pointed arch and vault • Geodesic domes
• Dome • Green architecture
• Corbelled arch and dome • Balloon-frame
• Cast-iron construction
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I

WHAT IS ARCHITECTURE ?
The art or practice of designing and constructing buildings HISTORY
The style in which a building is designed and constructed, especially with
regard to a specific PERIOD

Architecture

ENVIRONMENT

Parthenon, Greek
The National
Gothic Cathedrals
Congress of Brazil, 
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I

WHAT IS ARCHITECTURE ?
The art or practice of designing and constructing buildings HISTORY
The style in which a building is designed and constructed, especially with
regard to a specific period, PLACE

Architecture

ENVIRONMENT

Design
Places with onrainfall
heavy a hill
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I

WHAT IS ARCHITECTURE ?
The art or practice of designing and constructing buildings HISTORY
The style in which a building is designed and constructed, especially with
regard to a specific period, place, or CULTURE:

Architecture

ENVIRONMENT

SikhChurch
architecture
architecture
Chinese architecture
Hindu architecture
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I

WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT ?

The setting or condition in which a particular activity is carried on. HISTORY

Natural Environment Man made Environment

Architecture

ENVIRONMENT
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I
HISTORY OF Traces the changes in Design of various building types & functions
ARCHITECTURE

Traces the changes in

Design of various
building types &
functions , Structure,
Construction methods
and other
architectural
elements

Through

Various Traditions,
Regions, Stylistic
trends…from The
Primitive Phases till
the present day.
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I
HISTORY OF Traces the changes in Structures
ARCHITECTURE
What is a Structures?
Traces the changes in
Design of various
Various elements of building
building types &
functions , Structure, And
Construction methods
How these elements are interrelated…
and other
architectural Purpose of Structures design ?
elements
To make building able to stand
Through And
Also withstand forces which acts
on it .
Various Traditions, Forces: Dead load
Regions, Stylistic
Live load
trends…from The
Primitive Phases till Wind force
the present day.
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I
HISTORY OF Traces the changes in Structures
ARCHITECTURE

Traces the changes in

Design of various
building types &
functions , Structure,
Construction methods
and other
architectural
elements

Through

Various Traditions,
Regions, Stylistic
trends…from The
Primitive Phases till Stone
Caves
Tress
Sun dried
branches
hut
- Natural
(katcha
and
formations
) brick
leaveshouse
Falling water house , Pennsylvania
the present day.
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I
HISTORY OF Traces the changes in Structures
ARCHITECTURE

Traces the changes in

Design of various
building types &
functions , Structure,
Construction methods
and other
architectural
elements

Through

Various Traditions,
Regions, Stylistic
trends…from The
Primitive Phases till
the present day.
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I
HISTORY OF Traces the changes in Construction Methods
ARCHITECTURE

Traces the changes in

Design of various
building types &
functions , Structure,
Construction methods
and other
architectural
elements

Through

Various Traditions,
Regions, Stylistic
trends…from The
Primitive Phases till
the present day.
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I
HISTORY OF Traces the changes in Construction Methods
ARCHITECTURE

Traces the changes in

Design of various
building types &
functions , Structure,
Construction methods
and other
architectural
elements

Through

Various Traditions,
Regions, Stylistic
trends…from The
Primitive Phases till
the present day.
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I
HISTORY OF Traces the changes in Construction Methods
ARCHITECTURE

Traces the changes in

Design of various
building types &
functions , Structure,
Construction methods
and other
architectural
elements

Through

Various Traditions,
Regions, Stylistic
trends…from The
Primitive Phases till
the present day.
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I
HISTORY OF Traces the changes in other architectural elements
ARCHITECTURE

Traces the changes in

Design of various
building types &
functions , Structure,
Construction methods
and other
architectural
elements

Through

Various Traditions,
Regions, Stylistic
trends…from The
Primitive Phases till
the present day.
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE & THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -I
HISTORY OF
ARCHITECTURE
&
BUILT
ENVIRONMENTS

Includes a

Group of

BUILDINGS Acropolis Athens

Therefore we must understand that history of architecture

doesn’t end with the single building or element but includes
the surroundings as well…
 Functional Classification of
buildings
Residential Building
Educational Buildings
Institutional Buildings
Hospitals
Custodial institutions
Penal Institutional Buildings
Assembly building
Business Building
Mercantile Building
 Functional Classification of
buildings
Industrial Building
Parking/Storage Facility
Hazardous Building
Agricultural Building
Governmental Building
Military Building
Religious Building
 Structural System of
buildings
Massive System/ Elementary Building Construction
Skeleton System
Design Process
• Analysis
• Synthesis
• Evaluation
Principle of Design
• Axis
• Symmetry
• Hierarchy
• Rhythm
• Datum
• Transformation
• Axis A Line Drawn between 2 points in space and about which forms and spaces can be arranged in a
regular or irregular manner.
• Symmetry The Balanced Distribution of Equivalent forms and Spaces about a common line(axis) or point (center)
• Hierarchy The Importance or significance of a form or space based in its size, shape or placement relative to other
forms and spaces of organization.

• Rhythm The use of recurring patterns to organize a series of like forms or spaces

A line, plane or volume that by its continuity and regularity helps to organize a pattern of forms and
• Datum spaces.

• Transformation
A Principle through which an architectural concept or organization can be retained, strengthen and bilt
upon through a number of manipulations.
Principles and Elements of Design
Applied to Architecture
Visual Design Elements
Six integral components used in the
creation of a design:

Line Space
Color Texture
Form and Shape Value
Line
Types
Vertical – Represents dignity, formality, stability, and
strength
Horizontal – Represents calm, peace, and relaxation
Diagonal – Represents action, activity, excitement, and
movement
Curved – Represents freedom, the natural, having the
appearance of softness, and creates a soothing feeling
or mood
Vertical Lines

Skyscraper
Microsoft Office clipart
Madrid, Spain
The Empire State Brandenburg Gate
Building Berlin
Architect: Shreve, Lamb,
and Harmon
Horizontal Lines
Microsoft Office clipart

Wikimedia.org

Community Christian Church

Kansas City, MO
Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright, 1940
Diagonal Lines
Microsoft Office clipart

©iStockphoto.com
©iStockphoto.com

Microsoft Office clipart

Curved Lines

Microsoft Office clipart

©iStockphoto.com

Sydney Opera House

Jorn Utzon
Color
Color has an
immediate and
profound effect on a
design.
©iStockphoto.com

Microsoft Office clipart

Saint Basil’s Cathedral

Microsoft Office clipart
Moscow
Color
©iStockphoto.com

Warm Colors
Reds, oranges, yellows

©iStockphoto.com

Cool Colors
Blues, purples, greens
Color

©iStockphoto.com

Colors can affect how humans feel and act

Form and Shape

Form: (3D)The shape and structure of something as

distinguished from its substance or material.

Shape: (2D)The two-dimensional contour that

characterizes an object or area.
Form and Shape
©iStockphoto.com
Microsoft Office clipart

Marie-Elisabeth-Lüders-Haus
Berlin, Germany

Oriental Pearl Tower

Shanghai
Architect: Jiang Huan Cheng,
Shanghai Modern Architectural
Design, Co.
Space
By incorporating the use of space
in your design, you can enlarge or reduce
the visual space. Microsoft Office clipart

Types
• Open, uncluttered
spaces
• Cramped, busy
spaces
• Unused vs. good Microsoft Office clipart

use of space ©iStockphoto.com

Microsoft Office clipart

Texture

The surface look or feel of something

Smooth Surface – Reflects more light and

therefore is a more intense color.
Rough Surface – Absorbs more light and
therefore appears darker.
Smooth Texture

©iStockphoto.com

Microsoft Office clipart

Glass façade of a high Exterior metal façade of Disney Concert Hall

rise office building Los Angeles
Rough Texture

©iStockphoto.com

Park Guell – Barcelona, Spain

Architect: Antonio Gaudí

©iStockphoto.com
Value

The relative lightness or darkness of a color

Methods
Shade – Degree of darkness of a color
Tint – A pale or faint variation of a color
Value
©iStockphoto.com

Downtown buildings in Bangalore, India

Visual Design Principles
Seven principles encompass an interesting
design.
•Balance
•Rhythm
•Emphasis
•Proportion and scale
•Movement
•Contrast
•Unity
Balance
Parts of the design are equally distributed to create
a sense of stability. Both physical and visual
balance exist.

Types
•Symmetrical or formal balance
•Asymmetrical or informal balance
•Radial balance
•Vertical balance
•Horizontal balance
 Balance
Symmetrical or Formal Balance

The elements within the design are identical in relation

to a centerline or axis.
©iStockphoto.com

The Taj Mahal Mausoleum

Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
Balance
Asymmetrical or Informal Balance

Parts of the design are not identical but are equal

in visual weight.

Wikipedia.org

Chateau de Chaumont
Saone-et-Loire, France
Balance
Radial Balance

Design elements radiate outward from the center.

Microsoft Office clipart
Microsoft Office clipart

Dresden Frauenkirche
Deresden, Germay Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II
Milan, Italy
Architect: Giuseppe Mengoni
Balance
Vertical Balance
The top and bottom parts are equal.

Microsoft Office clipart

 Balance
Horizontal Balance

The parts on the left and right sides are equal.

©istockphoto.com
Microsoft Office clipart

Hearst Castle
©iStockphoto.com

SanNunnery
Chi Lin Buddhist Temple and Simeon, CA Building façade
Kowloon City, Hong Kong Architect: Julia Morgan Limberg, Germany
Balance

Wikipendia.org
 Rhythm
Repeated use of line, shape, color, texture
or pattern
Types
• Regular rhythm
• Graduated rhythm
• Random rhythm
• Gradated rhythm
Rhythm
Regular Rhythm

An element is repeated at the same

repetition/interval each time.
Microsoft Office clipart

Microsoft Office clipart Microsoft Office clipart

Cube house design

Rotterdam, Netherlands
Rhythm

Random Rhythm

The beats of the

element are random
or are at irregular
intervals.
Rhythm
Gradated Rhythm

The repeated element is identical with the

exception of one detail increasing or
decreasing gradually with each repetition.
Microsoft Office clipart

Left: Stack of rocks used

as focal point in
landscaping

Right: The Chinese Tower

English Gardens
Munich, Germany

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 Wikipedia.org

Emphasis

The feature in a design that

attracts one’s eye – the
focal point
• Emphasis can be
achieved through size,
placement, shape, color, Ceiling mosaic in Park Gruell

and/or use of lines Microsoft Office clipart

Microsoft Office clipart

Mosque - Egypt
Proportion and Scale
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Comparative
relationships between
elements in a design
with respect to size

3:5 ratio is known as

the Golden Mean
Movement
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Flow or feeling of action

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Microsoft Office clipart

Contrast
©iStockphoto.com

Noticeably different

Can be created with

• Color
• Proportion and scale
• Shape
• Texture
• Etc.
Unity
Unity is achieved by the consistent use of lines,
color, material, and/or texture within a design.

©iStockphoto.com

©iStockphoto.com
 Unity

©iStockphoto.com

©iStockphoto.com

Microsoft Office clipart

Design as a process
• Programming
• Schematic Design
• Design Development
• Construction Documents
Factors Influencing Design Process
• Physical
• Social
• Cultural
URBAN PLANNING
- What is urban design and what does it do?
- How to read the city in order to understand
urban design issues and tasks?
- What is urban design in relation to urban
planning?
- How to approach urban design?
- How are urban design decisions
implemented?
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Spectrum of urban design activities
- Regional scale, a whole city or a town

- City wide, an urban district, or a large, self-contained

community

- Neighbourhoods, building complexes

- Impact area of a developments project

- Immediate area of individual buildings

- Agent, municipal government
- Scale, aspects of design, a
whole city or a town, macro
scope land use planning, regional
infrastructure systems
- Issues of design, land uses and
infrastructure systems
- Nature of design, macro scope
land use planning
- Agent, local authority
- Scale, aspects of design, city
wide developments, an urban
district, or a large, self-contained
community, infrastructure
systems, network of open space,
and so on
- Issues of design, structure plan of
land uses without 3D urban
design input
- Nature of design, land use
planning / 2D urban design study
- Agent, institutions,
commercial organisations
- Scale, aspects of design,
neighbourhoods, building
complexes, including layout
of buildings annd related
physical components
- Issues of design, 2D and 3D
design of all major physical
components of a development
- Nature of design, 3D form for
a whole development
- Agent, local authority and/or
institutions, commercial
organisations
- Scale, aspects of design,
impact area of developments
and projects, public open
spaces like streets, squares,
parks
- Issues of design, detailed design
of street spaces, plazas, and
green areas
- Nature of design, landscaping,
building (facade) design,
ornamental details
- Agent, individual property
owners, local interest groups
- Scale, aspects of design,
immediate area of individual
buildings, including private
and public open spaces,
external appareance
- Issues of design, landscaping
of open spaces, buidling
ornamental details
- Nature of design,
landscaping, building (facade)
design
 ‘Urban Design’ involves ………. the
design of buildings, groups of buildings,
spaces and landscapes and brings together
issues of planning, transport, architectural
design, landscape and engineering to
create a vision for an area and then ensure
it is delivered.

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 It is also the complex inter-relationship between different
buildings and the relationship between buildings and
streets, squares, parks and other spaces that make up the
public realm. It is also concerned with the nature and
quality of the public realm itself.

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 Social and Environmental Benefits

a sense of civic pride greater social inclusion and

interaction,
improved safety and access to goods and services for the
community,
enhanced heritage and ecological value,
increased energy efficiency and reduced waste and
pollution.
Good urban design brings people together and will
encourage a vibrant mix of self-supporting uses and
activities within the City Centre. It will help create a place
which is greater than the sum of the individual parts and
allow an urban life and culture to evolve out of a collection
of buildings and spaces

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 Urban design and urban planning

Urban, city, and town planning

It integrates land use planning and transportation
planning to improve the built, economic and
social environments of communities.

Urban design
It concerns the arrangement, appearance and
functionality of towns and cities, and in
particular the shaping and uses of urban
public space.

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 It has traditionally been regarded as a disciplinary subset of
 
urban planning, landscape architecture, or architecture and in
 
more recent times has been linked to emergent disciplines
such as landscape urbanism. However, with its increasing
prominence in the activities of these disciplines, it is better
conceptualised as a design practice that operates at the
intersection of all three, and requires a good understanding of
a range of others.

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 Urban design theory deals primarily with the design and
 
management of public space (i.e. the 'public environment',
'public  realm' or 'public domain'), and the way public
places are experienced and used.
Public space includes the totality of spaces used freely on
a day-to-day basis by the general public, such as streets,
plazas, parks and public infrastructure.
Some aspects of privately owned spaces, such as
building facades or domestic gardens, also contribute to
public space and are therefore also considered by urban
design theory

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 While the two fields are closely related, 'urban design'
differs from 'urban planning' in its focus on physical
improvement of the public environment, whereas the
latter tends, in practice, to focus on the management of
private development through established planning
methods and programs, and other statutory development
controls.

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 Urban design may encompass the preparation of
 
design guidelines and regulatory frameworks, or even
 
legislation to control development, advertising, etc.
and in this sense overlaps with urban planning.
It may encompass the design of particular spaces
and structures and in this sense overlaps with
architecture, landscape architecture,
highway engineering and industrial design.
It may also deal with ‘place management’ to guide
and assist the use and maintenance of urban areas and
public spaces.

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 Much urban design work is undertaken by urban
planners, landscape architects and architects but there are
professionals who identify themselves specifically as
urban designers.

An urban village is an urban planning and urban design

concept. It refers to an urban form typically characterized
by:
•Medium density development
•Mixed use zoning
•The provision of good public transit
•An emphasis on urban design - particularly
pedestrianization and public space

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 Urban design considers:
•Urban structure – How a place is put together and how
its parts relate to each other
•Urban typology, density and sustainability - spatial
types and morphologies related to intensity of use,
consumption of resources and production and
maintenance of viable communities
•Accessibility – Providing for ease, safety and choice
when moving to and through places
•Legibility and wayfinding – Helping people to find
their way around and understand how a place works
•Animation – Designing places to stimulate public
activity
•Function and fit – Shaping places to support their
varied intended uses
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 •Complementary mixed uses – Locating activities to allow
constructive interaction between them
•Character and meaning – Recognizing and valuing the
differences between one place and another
•Order and incident – Balancing consistency and variety
in the urban environment in the interests of appreciating
both
•Continuity and change – Locating people in time and
place, including respect for heritage and support for
contemporary culture
•Civil society – Making places where people are free to
encounter each other as civic equals, an important
component in building social capital

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 Principles of Urban Design

Following are eight principles of good urban design:

Character
Continuity and Enclosure
A Quality Public Realm
Ease of Movement
Legibility
Adaptability
Diversity
Sustainability

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 Character

Protect and enhance the

buildings, street, materials,
landmarks and views that are
unique and give the
campus/city its identity.

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 The appearance of the built environment defines an area’s
identity and character and creates a sense of place.
 Many areas of the campus have a well-established
character that needs to be protected and enhanced.
 No site is a blank slate. It will have shape and there will
be adjacent development and a history which make it a
distinctive place.
 This context should be established for each site and
responded to in order to build something that is
recognizable and special to the particular development.

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 High quality contemporary design that has evolved from
its context is encouraged.
 Places that are distinctive are memorable and popular. A
common element within an area will distinguish it from
adjoining areas and create a sense of place.
 The use of exposed bricks and blending of British
Mughal Architecture is one such example in campus.

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 3.2.2. Continuity and Enclosure

Create streets and public spaces

that are well connected and
enclosed by attractive building
frontages.

Every building is just one part of the fabric of the

campus/City which is held together by the network of
streets and spaces. Well enclosed and connected spaces
allow using and enjoying the campus conveniently and
in comfort

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 The street forms the interface between the public and
private realm.
 Developing and protecting the urban fabric or structure
with strong spatial continuity and a good sense of enclosure
will benefit the campus over time.
It will help remove gap sites and inappropriate
developments and severance caused by overly wide roads.

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 3.2.3. A Quality Public Realm

Create high quality public spaces that

are attractive, safe, comfortable, well
maintained, welcoming and
accessible to everyone.

The term ‘public realm’ means any part of the campus

that can be experienced by everyone, from buildings to
bollards. Everything in the Public realm has an effect on
the campus/City image and character.

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 A key principle is that ‘people attract people’.
Places which feel good will encourage people to use
them and places which are well used stand a better chance
of being well cared for.
The aim is to produce friendly, vibrant public places
where people feel welcome to visit, socialize and go
about their business and leisure in comfort and safety.
Buildings define spaces and good architecture is
obviously important. However, concentrating on the
quality of those buildings alone ignores the fact that it is
the public realm above all that most people will
experience up close.

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 3.2.4. Ease of Movement
Make the campus easy and safe to get to
and move around in, particularly for
pedestrians and cyclists.
Movement of all kinds is the lifeblood of any campus.
 The movement network must operate in a way which
brings the campus to life, yet high levels of traffic can
impact negatively on quality of life and perception of place.
Transport planning should acknowledge that streets have
vital social, economic and amenity roles in addition to that
of being channels for vehicles.
A well designed urban structure will have a network of
streets and spaces that can accommodate these roles as well
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as the traffic.
 3.2.5. Legibility

Create a place that both residents and

visitors can understand and easily
navigate.
Good urban design can help to create a
campus that is easy to understand and
find one’s way about.
Streets, buildings, vistas, visual details and activities
should be used to give a strong sense of place and to
provide an understanding of destinations and routes. A
legible urban environment is the sum of many of the
urban design principles.
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 Routes
The routes people take are a key element in the way the
campus is perceived.
Careful consideration must be given to the sequence of
experiences the campus offers to residents and visitors
when moving through.
 A clear hierarchy of streets should be established to
enable people to orientate themselves in the campus.
 For example, primary routes should generally be wider
with the prominent buildings which enables people to
‘read’ the campus/City without the need for signage and
maps.
Gateway features on key routes can create a memorable
sense of arrival to the campus and to places within it.
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 Landmarks

Gateway and other landmark elements in the urban

environment should not only be thought of as physical
objects, although these often the most common. They are
any kind of reference point that people single out as being
memorable that helps orientate themselves.
 landmarks include public art or a unique lighting scheme,
traffic signals, a strong element of urban character such as a
distinctive building or a striking vista.
Some landmarks are distant ones, often visible from many
angles and places.

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 New development should reinforce the legibility of its
local area and the campus by including local features that
relate to local circumstances.
 Some of these will include fine grained details that
provide interest to pedestrians, others more striking
elements to provide interest to those passing in vehicles.
These should always remain appropriate to their context.

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 Focal Points
Public spaces are key to the legibility of any place. The
best are active areas where people gather and meet and
such focal points should be emphasized, given clear
definition and purpose.
 The vitality of street life and the relationship of
buildings to the proportion and nature of the street is
fundamental to the creation of a sense of place which
welcomes residents and visitors.
 Junctions are ‘nodal points’ where people decide their
route and come to meet. Street junctions should be
designed as active spaces and places, not characterless
traffic interchanges.
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 Views

Protect key views and create new Vistas and landmarks

to help people locate themselves in the campus and create
links within and beyond the immediate area.
New development should protect important existing
views, whilst taking opportunities to create new
memorable ones.

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 Signage
Character areas are the larger areas of the campus
recognizable as having a particular identity which assist
people as they pass through and by them.
The provision of good signage and guidance at key points
is important in aiding orientation.
Direction signs will always have a role in helping those
unfamiliar with the campus find their way about, although
good urban design should help reduce the need for signage
in the first place.

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 3.2.6. Adaptability

Create a campus that can adapt to

change so that buildings may come and
go, but the streets last a lifetime.

Successful campus’s accept change and continually adapt

to remain vibrant over time. Thoughtful and good urban
design is required to achieve this flexibility. New
developments and public realm improvements should be
designed both to respect the existing context and to
accommodate future change.

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 3.2.7. Diversity

Create a campus with variety and

choice. Encourage a mix of uses
(institutional, residential, leisure, )
and architectural styles to create
vibrant campus.
Housing, leisure, places to work and meet should
interrelate to form an identifiable and walk able campus
that meets the needs of residents. The campus’s which
benefit from a mixture of good amenities have the means
to support their own requirements and reinforce a sense
of community.

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 3.2.7. Diversity

Create a campus with variety and

choice. Encourage a mix of uses
(institutional, residential, leisure, )
and architectural styles to create
vibrant campus.
Housing, leisure, places to work and meet should
interrelate to form an identifiable and walk able campus
that meets the needs of residents. The campus’s which
benefit from a mixture of good amenities have the means
to support their own requirements and reinforce a sense
of community.

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 3.2.8. Sustainability

Create a social, economic and

environmentally sustainable
campus for the future.

Sustainable development is concerned with the

overlapping working of the economy, environment and
society. The vision for the campus encourages a
sustainable and innovative approach to development that
makes use of current best practice to make it more
energy and resource efficient whilst encouraging
economic development and social equity.

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 3.3 Public Realm (20)

The Public Realm is the streets, squares,

parks, green spaces, and other outdoor
places that we pass through in our
everyday lives.

High quality, inspirational public places are not

just a desirable element of regeneration, they
are essential to creating successful, vibrant,
live able city/ campus.

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 Creating quality public realm in AMU will improve the
image of the campus and enhance quality of life. It is also
becoming increasingly acknowledged that investing in
quality public space brings measurable economic
benefits; The aim of this Public Realm Strategy is to
inform and guide public realm improvements within the
campus over the next 10 years. It aims to set out an
inspirational framework and a set of public realm
standards that will:

• Improve the AMU image to create a memorable and

distinctive campus;

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 •Create a vibrant, dynamic and inclusive public realm that
encourages greater use of the campus and its assets;
• Enhance the AMU’s unique character areas and built
heritage through a coherent design approach;
• Create a legible, accessible and easy to navigate the
campus;
• Establish a restrained, classic palette of materials and
street furniture that is robust, sustainable, low
maintenance and realistically affordable;
• Enhance the sense of place and community through
public

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 Material selection criteria for Public Realm Elements

The material selection for all public realm elements

should be influenced by four criteria which will need to
be evaluated with equal weighting when specified:

• Sustainability
• Cost
• Aesthetics
• Function
Fig. 4: material selection criteria

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 Sustainability

As part of a holistic and sustainable approach to site design, all

materials used within campus public realm should be subjected to a
sustainability review. This will enable to lower the environmental
impact of projects, improve upon existing benchmarks at the same
time as monitoring build cost. The sustainability credentials used in
selecting materials should be broken into five performance indicators
which take into account the total life span of a product.
• Embodied energy (including raw material processing,
manufacturing and transportation to site);
• Energy consumption during a products lifetime and choice of
responsible materials;
• Choice of environmentally responsible materials;
• Sourcing ‘locally’;
• Durability/Reusability/Recycle-ability.
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 Cost

It is not realistic to suggest that all areas of campus public

realm should be of the same quality. Investment in the
public realm should be focused on areas of the campus
which are the most significant, attract the highest public
usage and are most visually prominent. This investment
hierarchy proposes the highest quality of materials in the
primary streets of the city/ campus.
Investment should be focused in these areas and gradually
reduced as you move away from the Core.

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 Aesthetics
The aesthetics of the materials, furniture and lighting elements of the
public realm are to be selected thoughtfully. The components and
materials that have been selected aim to create a revitalized,
contemporary City/campus whilst respecting and enhancing the
existing historic character and identity. The aesthetics and character
of materials for individual streets and spaces will be informed by
proposed Levels of Intervention. The materials palette aims to:
• Enrich existing assets, building upon strong character in areas of
Conservation;
• Redefine and revitalize the identity of outdated and tired areas in
zones of Repair and Recovery;
• Create new identities for areas of Reinvention and Reconfiguration.
By implementing this graded approach through a co-ordinated
materials ‘family’, the materials palette aims to create a coherent
unified image for the campus, revitalized and refreshed for the 21st
century.
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 Function

The function of materials, furniture and lighting is

inextricably linked to the sustainability of the city/campus
public realm. The ‘Street Hierarchy’ will ultimately
inform the type, size and implementation of materials. In
general materials should be:
• Simple, robust and fit for purpose;
• Maintainable;
• Carefully detailed and implemented;
• Multi-functional, and thoughtfully designed

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 Fig.6: Master plan of IIT Roorkee Campus
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 Analysis

•The main building shows the architecture of highest

heritage and amenity value with a quality public
realm.

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 •Contemporary architectural style material and
colour create a sense of coherency.

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 •The tower structure of electronics department
acting as landmark.

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 •Good quality public realm of central library
create a new identity for the area.

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 •Good landscaping integrate the building and their
external spaces into an imageable whole.

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 •Well treated junctions aid legibility and make easy to
navigate into the campus.

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 •Pedestrian and vehicular segregation of the street
avoids conflicts.

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 •Planting of different types ,using many species for
their seasonal colour or texture complement the
orchestration of built form.

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 •Streets shows definition, active frontages and
permeability.

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 •U G Club encourages leisure use and temporary
events.

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 •Students centered activity area enhances natural
surveillance to the campus.

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