Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ELECTROLYTE
METAL
Original requirement
Maintenance Restoration
Repair
Ageing without
maintenance
Accident
Ageing with
or Damage
maintenance
and repair
Time
https://theconstructor.org/structures/strengthening-concrete-structures/1576/
Causes for structural failure
• https://www.tampabay.com/resizer/bRh2m43Q1mwAMKB0N9uh5Rh9pGk=/1370x0/smart/filters:quality(60)/arc-anglerfish-arc2-prod-
tbt.s3.amazonaws.com/public/MJX74QLL5VDCHE63H3MSTIPFAU.JPG
• https://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/sunsky.jpg
• https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR50FL9ZZCA7obxNvVLX8sLc0ApLEY3WfhgSvuNSU3yR7YoziXFUQ
Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, CA
27,572 strands in each main cable
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/GoldenGateBridge-001.jpg
https://www.periodicproducts.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/golden_gate_painter-w.jpg
https://media.ktvu.com/media.ktvu.com/photo/2018/04/30/chopper%20gg%20bridge%20inspections
%20KTVUBCME01.mpg_10.42.08.16_1525116945152.png_5432510_ver1.0_640_360.jpg
Mercier Bridge, Montreal, Canada
The cost of corrosion is significant
Infrastructure
• Highway bridges, Gas & liquid transmission
pipelines, Waterways and ports, Airports,
Railroads
Utilities
• Hazardous materials storage, Electrical
utilities, Telecommunications, Gas distribution,
Drinking Water and sewer systems
Transportation
• Motor vehicles, Ships, Aircrafts, Railroad cars,
Hazardous material transport
Production and manufacturing
• Oil and gas exploration and production,
Mining, Petroleum refining, Chemicals, Pulp
Corrosion cost split-up in the USA and paper, Agricultural production, Food
(FHWA 1998) processing, Electronics, Home appliances
Government
• Defense, Nuclear waste storage
FHWA 1998, George Hays 2004; NACE IMPACT Report 2016; Bhaskaran et al. 2014
The cost of corrosion is significant
2O2 4 H 2O 4 Fe 4 Fe OH 2
4 Fe OH 2 O2 2 H 2O 4 Fe OH 3
3. 4 Fe OH 3 2 Fe2O3 6 H 2O
2. 4 Fe OH 2 O2 2 H 2O 4 Fe OH 3
1. 2O2 4 H 2O 4 Fe 4 Fe OH 2
Exposure conditions
Steel – An Introduction
• Ferrous alloys with various elements are used for making
reinforcing steel Concentration (%)
Element Mild steel TMT steel Prestressing
steel
pH of concrete
Acidic Neutral Alkaline pore solution
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
pH scale
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1516-14392002000300012&script=sci_arttext
When does iron corrode?
Pourbaix diagram
• At 25oC
Typical ranges of
potential of steel in
concrete
Hoar (1967)
What are the essential parts of a corrosion
cell?
ELECTROLYTE
METAL
Fe Fe 2 2e
Water
2OH -
2OH - Fe 2+
Fe 2+
1 O2 H 2O 2e 2OH
2 Fe(OH)2
Cathode 2e-
2e-
Anode
Fe Fe2 2e
Iron
Microstructure of steel
https://www.totalmateria.com/images/Articles/kts/Fig419_5.jpg
b. Non-uniformity of the electrolyte
concentrations
Anode
Cl -
H+
Cl - Cl
-
H+
Anode
Anode
H+
H+ Cl -
H+ Cl - Cl -
H+ H+
H+
pH chlorides corrosion inhibitor
(i.e. hydrogen) (e.g. sodium chloride) (e.g. calcium nitrite)
Steel
Mould
Mill scale
Mould
Poursaee (2016)
Corrosion-induced cracking of stone
columns in Roman structures
Cost of corrosion
Need for corrosion management
Fundamentals of corrosion
• Pourbaix diagram
• Non-uniformity of metal, concrete, and physical
conditions
• Expansive nature and cracking