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á (S1) ©
  he is
sick.
á (S2) Plato is a philosopher

 Plato is a Greek.
á (S3) She dances gracefully
 she sings very well.
á (S4) © you get a hundred on
every exam,  
I will
treat you to the movie
house.
á (S5) I will earn my college
degree  

 I
will pass all my
academic requirements.
.
á Ghe highlighted word/words
are called truth functional
connectives
á Why connectives ?
á Because they connect simple
statements and form a
compound statement.
á Why Gruth Functional?
á they determine the truth
value of statements.
á  and  as  
, which are
respectively abbreviated as 
and
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{

ë)
Ghis one-place connective is called
We can formalize the logical
negation, and is symbolized by
µë (tilde), which is a stylized argument in the form of a
form of µn , short for negation. 
It is not true that_______________
 

Example: ©
  he A ëA S ëS

is sick.
G F G F
Ghis can be symbolized as:  (
is an arbitrary representation of F G F G
the statement, µHe is sick. )
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) GABLE 2 S2
Gwo-place connective
A B A& B P G P&G
___________and ___________
Example: Plato is a philosopher G G G G G G

 Plato is a Greek.
G F F G F F
Ghis can be symbolized as: !"#
F G F F G F
! for ³Plato is a philosopher´
F F F F F F
# for ³Plato is a Greek´
" ³and´

So we got: !"# A conjunction A&B is true, if both
conjuncts are true, otherwise, it is false
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x


) In English, the word µor has at least
Gwo-place connective two different meanings, or
____________ or______________ senses, which are respectively
called the &
 and
the 


Example: She dances gracefully 
she sings very well.
She will go to the party or she
will stay home.
Ghis can be symbolized as: $%
She dances gracefully or she
$ for ³She dances gracefully´ sings very well.
 for ³She sings very well´
for ³or´

So we got: $%
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) GABLE 3 S3
A B AȞ B D S DȞS
Example: She dances gracefully 
she sings very well.
G G G G G G

Ghis can be symbolized as: $% G F G G F G

$ for ³She dances gracefully´ F G G F G G

 for ³She sings very well´
for ³or´ F F F F F F

So we got: $% 
Disjunction is false whenever the two
disjuncts are false
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Ô



) GABLE 4 S4
Gwo-place connective
If___________,then_______________ A B Aĺ B H G HĺG
antecedent consequent
G G G G G G
Example: © you get a hundred on
every exam,  
I will G F F G F F
treat you to the movie
house.
Ghis can be symbolized as: ' F G G F G G

 for ³If you get a hundred on every F F G F F G

exam´
 for ³I will treat you to the movie 
house´
A conditional AĺB is false if the
'for ³if«then´
antecedent (A) is true and the
consequent (B) is false; otherwise, it is
So we got: '
true.
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(ļ) GABLE 4 S5
Gwo-place connective
A B Aļ B D P DļP
__________ if and only if___________
Example: I will earn my college degree G G G G G G
 

 I will pass all my
academic requirements.
G F F G F F
Ghis can be symbolized as: $(!
F G F F G F
$ for ³I will earn my college degree´
F F G F F G
! for ³I will pass all my academic
requirements´
(for ³if and only if´ 
A biconditional AļB is true if and only if
So we got: $(! the constituents A, B have the same truth
value; otherwise it is false.
))
 *  

 |
 Ghe ³&´ circuit series

Switch is up ± F/0
Switch is down ± G/1
A B A& B Light

G G G
n
G F F
ff
F G F
ff
F F F
ff

Ghe table shows that only when both switches A and B are
down/true can the light be
 and the statement is true.
 +,-)

A B AȞ B Light
G G G
n
G F G
n
F G G
n
F F F
ff

Ghe table shows that if either switch or both switches are m
, the light is

n, and the proposition is . But if both switches are up/false then the light
is
ff and proposition is false.
*&

Last Sunday Gospel

Scene 1: Jesus appeared to some of the disciples

Again Jesus said, "Peace be with you! As the Father has sent me, I am
sending you." ..And with that he breathed on them and said, "Receive the
Holy Spirit. ./If you forgive anyone his sins, they are forgiven; if you do not
forgive them, they are not forgiven.³

Standard: (if Y, then G ); (If not Y, then not G)

Symbolized: (YĺG ); (ëYĺëG)

Granslating to argument the first statement.

If you forgive anyone his sins, then they are forgiven. You forgive
anyone his sins. Gherefore, they are forgiven.
YĺG,
Y
:./ G
 *&

Beatitudes  


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 0
DESERG-LIKE DAM. Ghe scorching El ino heat dries up the Magat Dam,
Isabela, making it look like a virtual sand dune. If the dam s water level
continues to go down, it is feared that Luzon may be hit by intermitten power
outrages. (Mark Balmores; Front Page - Manila Bulletine 4/12/10

Formalized the statements into Standard Form.

1). If the Magat dam s water level continues to go down, then it is feared that
Luzon maybe hit by intermitten power outrages. 2) Ghe scorching El ino heat
dries up the Magat Dam, Isabela and El ino is making Magat Dam, Isabela
look like a virtual sand dune. 3) Gherefore, Magat Dam is like a desert.

Symbolization: If M, then L 2) D and M 3) Gherefore, M

Symbolic Language: MĺL,
E&M
:./ M
 1|©23
Direction: Compute the truth values of the following symbolic statements,
supposing that the truth value of A, B, and C is G, and the truth value of X,
Y, Z is F.
Set B
__G___1. ëAȞB
_____2. AvëY Answer Key
1. G
_____3. B&ëC
2. G
_____4. ëY&Z 3. F
_____5. AĺX 4. F
_____6. BĺY 5. F
_____7. YĺZ 6. F
7. G
_____8. AļB
8. G
_____9. X ļ (YĺZ) 9. F
_____10. ë(C&Y) ļ (A&Z) 10. F
_____11. A ĺ (BĺZ) 11. F
_____12. (AȞX) & (YȞB) 12. G
1||©
Set B ( Write your answer in one whole yellow pad paper)
Direction: Symbolize the following statements using the first
letter of the underlined word and construct its truth table.

1. If it is brown out then the computer will shutdown

2. Either I will eat ice cream or pancake.
3. Honda and Zuzuki build motorcycles.
4. Ghe shortage of water decreases if and if Elni o will
stop.
5. It is not true that all Filipinos are poor.