Hello friends!

We are Glenn and

Mench. Join us, as we explore the
world of atoms….. I assure you, we
will have much fun together we will
learn a lots of things about how and
why atoms combine.
So get ready! Let’s have fun while
learning….

How and why atoms combine? Some grade 9 students find it

hard to answer this question because one of the least mastered
skills in Science 9 is distinguishing and illustrating ionic and
covalent bond. To make it easier, it is broken down into four
subtasks:

SUBTASKS :

 Stating the basic reason why atoms combine to form

compounds.
 Distinguishing the types of bond formed based on the
electronegativity difference of the combining atoms.
 Illustrating the formation of ionic bond and covalent bond.
 Recognizing the importance of covalent compounds in our daily
1
lves.
 Direction: After reading the comic strip try to
rearrange the words inside the box to answer the
question that follows:

What is the basic reason why atoms combine to form

COMPOUNDS, ARE YOU STABLE?
compounds?
Read the comic strip and try to find out why atoms Combine stable to become
combine to form compound. Atoms compounds to form

_________________________________________________________________
I’m noble gas,
_________________________________________________________________
I have We both have ______________________________________________________________
8 electrons in 7 electrons.
my outermost What shall we
shell and it do ? have eight valence electron
makes me should atoms to become stable
extremely
stable
Ahaa!.... Let’s _________________________________________________________________
share electrons _________________________________________________________________
together so that ______________________________________________________________
I have only 7 we can be stable.
electrons! I wish I can
be like Argon. Check this out… Did I Learn?
Did I Learn?
Na has less
electronegativity value Yes! I did! A little... Nothing….
I have an extra 1. Here you Yes! I did! A little... Nothing….
than Cl, so when this
can have it! This way we
two atoms combine Na
can both be like argon .. will be written first in a Check if your answer is correct on page 23
chemical formula. Thus,
the correct chemical
formula of this It wasn’t so hard,
Now both of us compound is NaCl. isn’t it? Even I would
have 8 electrons. love to try the
exercises on the
following page.

2
 Check this out…..
·Atoms combine to form compounds in order to assume a stable configuration.
·The stable configuration is the noble gas configuration, where there are eight
valence electrons.
·The valence electrons of the elements is also the group number where it belongs.
HELP ME! TO BE STABLE Example: Sodium (Na) is in the group 1, its valence electron is 1 .
Aluminum (Al) is in the group 3, its valence electron is 3
Direction: Pick out an element from the envelop and stick Take a look at this…
it on the second column that could match with the The valence electron of the
element on the first column to make it stable. Check their elements is also its group number in
valence electron by adding them to determine if the the periodic table were it belong.
compound is already stable. Write your answer on the
third column. The first one is done for you. Group Number of Example
Valence Element
Electron

Mg ( v.e = 2) O( v.e = 6) 2+6= 8 I 1 Li

II 2 Be
Al ( v.e = 3 )
III 3 B

K ( v.e = 1 ) IV 4 C
V 5 N
Sr ( v.e = 2 ) VI 6 O
VII 7 F
Zn ( v.e = 1 )

Li ( v.e = 1)

SCORING RUBRIC
Did
DidI ILearn?
Learn?
Full Credit: 5 points-Gathered 5 correct answers; understands why atoms combine to form
compounds. You have just
Yes!
Yes!I Idid!
did! applied what you
Partial Credit: 4 points—Gathered 4 correct answers; misconceptions of concept.
have learned in the
Partial Credit: 3 points– Gathered 3 correct answers; has partial understanding of the
A little... concept.
previous activity. Get
A little... ready as we explore
Partial Credit: 2 points—Gathered 2 correct answers; shows some understanding of the the next challenge.
Nothing….
Nothing….
concept.
Partial Credit: 1 point—Gathered 1 correct answer; shows a little understanding of the
concept. 3
No Credit: 0 point—The answer is incorrect; does not understand the concept.
 FIND YOUR PARTNER

Direction : Study the set of chemical puzzle inside the envelop

on the right side. Put together the card that fits. Stick the
formed chemical puzzle on the board below. The first one is
done for you.

SCORING RUBRIC
SCORING RUBRIC
Check the box that corresponds to your
Check the box that corresponds to your
score.
score.
EXCELLENT You formed 4-5 puzzles
EXCELLENT You formed 4-5 puzzles
VERY GOOD You formed 3 puzzles
VERY GOOD You formed 3 puzzles
GOOD You formed 2 puzzles
GOOD You formed 2 puzzles
FAIR You formed 1 puzzle
FAIR You formed 1 puzzle

Excellent! You figure

out that fast! What
about figuring the next
activity.

4
 Check this out….
If metal combine with non-metal it will formed IONIC
BOND
If two non metallic elements will combine it will form
IONIC OR COVALENT? COVALENT BOND.
Direction: Distinguish whether the compound you formed in activity 2A Metals are Non metals
is ionic or covalent bond by: elements are
a.) determining if the constituent is metal or non metal; to the left elements
b.) sticking a star if the combination is metal and non metal, and below to the right
smiley if the combination is non metal and non metal; the zigzag of the
c.) sticking a heart if the type of bond is ionic; line. zigzag line.
d.) sticking a gift if the type of bond is covalent. The element
element touching
the
the zigzag line
zigzag line are
are
the Metalloids.
The first one is done for you.

Metals and Nonmetals

Compound Types of Chemical Combination Types of Bond
Formed Element
  Metal Non Metal – Non Non metal- Ionic Covalent
metal metal Non metal

  Ca Br        

             

             

             
Legend :
metal—non-metal combination
             
non metal– non-metal combination
              Ionic bond
Covalent bond 5
 Check this out….

Electronegativity is a measure of the

IONIC? POLAR OR NON POLAR?
To enhance more of your understanding on
this lesson, why don’t you try another task?
This time you will identify the types of bond
formed based on the electronegativity
difference of the combining atoms.
But, to appreciate this everyone should have
a deeper knowledge and understanding on
the concept written on the right side.
Read it carefully and understand to answer
the task below.
Direction: Complete the statement below.
 If the electronegativity difference is equal to o.4
or less it results to a
____________________________________
tendency of an atom to attract electron,
the higher its value, higher its tendency to
attract electrons.
Ionic bonding will take place between
metal and non metal with electronegativity
difference of greater than 1.9.
Not all metal and non metal combination
will result in an ionic bond. Only those with
electronegativity difference of 1.9.
Covalent bonding takes place between
non metals.
There are two types of covalent bond. If
the electronegativity difference is equal to
0.4 or less, it results to a non polar
covalent bond. If the electronegativity
difference is less than 1.9 and more
than 0.4, polar covalent bond is
formed.

 If the electronegativity difference is less than SCORING RUBRIC

SCORING RUBRIC
_____________ and more than ___________
polar covalent bond is formed. Check
Checkthe
thebox
boxthat
thatcorrespond
correspondtotoyour
yourscore
score
EXCELLENT
EXCELLENT- -44correct
correctanswers
answers
 Ionic bonding will take place between metal and VERY GOOD – 3 correct answers
VERY GOOD – 3 correct answers
non metal with electronegativity difference of GOOD – 2 correct answers
GOOD – 2 correct answers
greater than ________________ FAIR – 1 correct answer
FAIR – 1 correct answer
6
 Check this out….
 Ionic bonding will take place between metal and non
metal with electronegativity difference of greater than
1.9.
LESS THAN AND GREATER THAN?  Covalent bonding takes place between non metals.
 If the electronegativity difference is equal to 0.4 or less, it
Direction: Identify the types of bond formed results to a NON POLAR COVALENT BOND. If the
in the following compound based on the electronegativity difference is less than 1.9 and more
than 0.4, POLAR COVALENT BOND IS FORMED.
electronegativity difference of the combining
atoms. The first one is done for you.
COMPOUND ELECTRONEGATIVITY TYPE OF BOND Refer to the periodic
DIFFERENCE table below for the
electronegativity value
of the elements.
CO2 2.55 - 3.44 = 0.89 Polar Covalent Bond

CaBr2
CuCl
Na2S
CH4
Li3N
7
 Remember….
·The numerical subscript of each element in the
LOSE OR GAIN? compound tells the number of atoms of the
elements.
Direction : Determine if a compound will lose or gain electrons by : Example: In CuCl, Cu and Cl is composed
a.) identifying the number of atoms of each element in the of only 1 atom since it has no
compound; numerical subscript.
In CaBr2, Ca has one atom
b.) distributing the number of electrons in the energy level ;
while Br has 2 atoms
c.) determining how many electrons an element will lose or gain. ·Elements in a compound without numerical
subscript has 1 atom.
COMPOUNDS NUMBER OF ELECTRON LOSE GAIN
·The atom with the less number of valence
ATOMS IN DISTRIBUTION electrons have the greater tendency to lose
THE electrons.
COMPOUNDS
Atomic Number
CaBr Ca = 1 20 Ca 2 8 8 2 Ca = 2 Br = 7 + 1 = 8
2
Li =3, N = 7, Cu = 29, Cl = 17, Na = 11, S = 16
Br = 2 35 Br 2 8 18 7 Br = 7 + 1 = 8

35 Br 2 8 18 7 2 SCORING RUBRIC
Begin here…..        
Full Credit: 3 points-Fill up 12 to 7 columns correctly.
Li N
3
Partial Credit: 2 points—Fill up 6 to 4 columns correctly.
  Partial Credit: 1 point—Fill up 3 columns correctly.
No Credit: 0 point—Fill up all the columns with no correct
CuCl        
answer.
   
  Did I Learn?
Did I Learn? Check
        Yes! I did! your
Na S 2
Yes! I did!
answer
A little...
  A little... on page
  Nothing…. 20
Nothing….
 
8
 BETTER TO GIVE THAN TO RECEIVE
Direction : The distribution of electrons and the number of atoms of each element in
the compound given below were identified in the previous activity. Based on the Take a look at this….
given information, illustrate the transfer of electrons of this compound. An example In the illustration Magnesium (Mg) has 12
below is done for you. electrons and was distributed in the energy
Atomic level illustrated as
Atomic Number
Number
12Mg 2 8 2 so its valence electron is 2
While Oxygen (O) has 8 electrons distributed
Cu
Cu -- 29
29 Cl
Cl -- 17
17 Na
Na -- 11
11
in the energy level illustrated as
N
N –– 77 SS -- 16
16 Li
Li -- 33 8O 2 6 so its valence electron is 6
Mg loses 2 valence electrons which is gain by
O which has 6 valence electrons as indicated
by the red arrow. 2 + 6 = 8. In the product
Mg and O has 8 valence electron that makes
them stable.

SCORING RUBRIC

Full Credit: 3 points– illustrated the transfer of

electrons of the 3 compounds correctly.
Partial Credit: 2 points- illustrated the transfer of
electrons of the 2 compounds correctly.
Partial Credit: 1 point—illustrated the transfer of
electrons of 1 compound correctly.
No Credit: 0 point— did not illustrated the
transfer of
electrons of the 3 compounds correctly.

Did I Learn?
Did I Learn?
Yes! I did! A little... Nothing….
Yes! I did! A little... Nothing….

9
 Take a look at this….
EXAMPLE: Give the electron dot
BEADS OF ELECTRONS formula for Flourine gas, F2.
Solution :
Direction: Given the electron distribution of the compounds 1.The total number of valence
below, illustrate the Lewis Dot Structures of each element in electrons is 7 + 7 = 14
the compound by placing a beads around the chemical symbol. 2.The skeletal structure is F F
Use different colors of beads for every element in a compound.
The number of beads should be equal to the number of valence
electrons. The first one is done for you. 3. Place the three nonbonding pairs on
each fluorine atom.
4. We have assigned 14 electrons.
F F
(Each atom has an octet)

Did I learn?
Did I learn?

Yes! I did!
Yes! I did!

A little...
A little...

Nothing….
Nothing….

SCORING RUBRIC
Full Credit: 3 points– illustrated the Lewis dot structures of the
3 compounds correctly.
Partial Credit: 2 points- illustrated the Lewis dot structures of
the
2 compounds correctly.
Partial Credit: 1 point—illustrated the Lewis dot structures of
1 compound correctly.
No Credit: 0 point— did not illustrated the Lewis dot
10 structures of the 3 compounds correctly.
 Concept Check…….
Rules for writing lewis
dot
dot structures
structures

1.
1. Calculate
Calculate the the total
total number
number of of valence
valence
Take a look at this….
I LOVE SHARING, DOTS ME EXAMPLE: Give the electron
electrons.
electrons. The total for a molecule is
The total for a molecule is the
the sum
sum
of
of the valence electron for all the atoms. For
the valence electron for all the atoms. For aa
dot formula for Flourine gas, polyatomic anion, add the number
polyatomic anion, add the number of negative of negative
Direction: Illustrate the sharing of electrons of the given F2. charges.
charges. For For aa polyatomic
polyatomic anion, anion, subtract
subtract the the
compounds below by putting a dots around the chemical Solution : number of positive
number of positive charges. charges.
symbol of each element in the compound. The example 1.The total number of Examples:
Examples:
below shows the Lewis dot structures of F 2.. The first one valence electrons of F is 7 X N
N22O44 has
has (2(2 XX 5)5) ++ (4
(4 XX 6)6) == 36
36 valence
valence
2..
2 atoms = 14 electrons
electrons
is done for you.
2.The skeletal structure is NH44 hashas 55 + + (4 (4 +
+ 1)1) -- 11 == 88 electrons
electrons
F F 2.
2. Write the skeletal structure, and
Write the skeletal structure, and connect
connect
bonded
bonded pairs of atoms by a dash (one
pairs of atoms by a dash (one electron
electron
pair.
pair. Place
Place electrons
electrons aboutabout outer
outer atoms
atoms so so that
that
3. Place the 7 dots in 2 F each (except hydrogen)
each (except hydrogen) has an octet.has an octet.
atoms. The dots must be in 3.
3. Subtract
Subtract the the number
number of of electrons
electrons assigned
assigned
pair. so
so far from the total calculated in
far from the total calculated in step
step 1.
1. Any
Any
4. We have assigned 14 electrons
electrons that remain are assigned in pairs to
that remain are assigned in pairs to
1. CO22 the
electrons. F F the central
central atom(s).
atom(s).
4.
4. If
If aa central
central atom
atom has has fewer
fewer thanthan eight
eight
electrons
electrons after step 4, a multiple bond
after step 4, a multiple bond is is likely.
likely.
(Each atom has an octet—
Move
Move one or more nonbonding pairs from an
one or more nonbonding pairs from an
eight electrons around)
2. SO22 outer
outer atoms
atoms to to the
the space
space between
between the the atoms
atoms to to
form
form aa
That’s great! You double
double bondbond or or triple
triple bond.
bond. AA deficiency
deficiency of of two
two
are now ready to electrons suggests a double bond, and a
electrons suggests a double bond, and a
go on to the next shortage
shortage of of four
four electrons
electrons is is indicate aa triple
triple
level. bond
bond or two double bonds to
or two double bonds to the
the central
central atom.
atom.

3. CH44

4. PCl33

11
 It’s Christmas time! Let’s do the next
task to feel the spirit of this yuletide
season. Are you excited?
THE SPIRIT OF GIVING OR SHARING

Direction: You have illustrated in the previous activity Take a look at this…
the Lewis Dot Structure of the given compound in the
box. Identify which of this compounds shows sharing IONIC BOND is formed when metal
and giving of electrons by picking a gift and attaching give valence electrons and gain by
it to the right column in the table below. The first one the non metal.
is done for you. COVALENT BOND is formed when
two nonmetals share valence
electrons.

Well done! You have just

applied the spirit of giving
and sharing. That’s the Magic
in the World of Atoms.

It was indeed a fantastic

adventure. You are now a
certified

ATOM EXPLORER.

…..and because you are now a

certified explorer additional
task is given to you.

12
From the activities
you have done, I
I. State the basic reason why atoms combine to form compounds.
guess you know how
_______________________________________________________
and why atoms
_______________________________________________________
combine. Let me see
if knowing this
II. Using the periodic table below distinguish the type of bond
concept is just like
formed in following compounds based on the location of their
imagining that you
constituents in the periodic table.
are in the world of
atoms.
Metals and Nonmetals

NH33 ___________________ CaCl22 __________________

SrO ____________________ N22O33 ___________________
MgF22 ___________________ NaBr __________________
13
 Please refer to the
periodic table for the
III. Compute the electronegativity difference of the electronegativity value
of the elements.
bonding atoms in the table below. Identify the types of
bond formed based on the electronegativity difference.

COMPOUND CHEMICAL ELECTRONEGATI TYPES OF BOND

FORMULA VITY (Ionic/Polar/Non
DIFFERENCE Polar)
Sodium NaCl  
Choride
Water H2 O   
Hydrogen HCl   
Chloride
Potassium KF
Fluoride
Methane CH4

14
 You have
successfully
IV. Illustrate the transfer of V. Illustrate the Lewis dot answered the
electrons in the following ionic structures in each of the assessment. I
compounds. following covalent compounds. guess you are
now ready for a
more
C22H66 challenging task.
Na22O
________________________ ________________________

CaBr22 NCl33
________________________ ________________________

KF CO22
________________________ ________________________

BaO H22O
________________________ ________________________ 15
 PRODUCTS OF CHEMICAL BOND

Direction : Study the pictures of chemical products

below to distinguish the types of bond formed by :
a. Sticking the pictures of chemical products on the in
the first column of the table on the right;
b. Sticking the chemical formula of the compounds in
the second column of the table on the right ;
c. Identifying the types of element present in the
compound by putting a (/) mark on the column that
correspond to your answer.
d. Distinguishing the types of bond by putting an (X)
mark on the column that correspond to your answer.

16
 LET’S MAKE MODEL

Direction : Illustrate the formation of ionic and covalent compound by :

A. Writing the Lewis Dot Structures of the compounds given below:
B. Constructing the molecular model of the compound given in the table using
buttons and toothpicks. Use different colors for the central and attached atoms. Here’s an example
Attach the formed molecular model on the fourth column of the table. for you in order to
do the task….

Note :
Example : CO2 ·1 YELLOW
BALL
REPRESENTS
O C O THE 1
CARBON
ATOM.

·3 GREEN
BALLS
REPRESENTS
THE 2
OXYGEN
ATOMS

17
 Job well done!!! Congratulations! Here’s
my gift for you. You will be surprised of what’s
inside. It’s full of compounds formed through
chemical bonding. To open it just say the magic
word WORLD OF ATOMS. Hope you will visit us
again to learn more about ATOMS. You are
always welcome here…

18
 Lewis Dot Symbols
Lewis Structures
Place one dot per valence electron on each of the
four sides of the element symbol.
Developed the idea in
Pair the dots (electrons) until all of the valence
1902.
electrons are used.
Nitrogen, N, is in Group 5A and therefore has 5 valence
electrons.
. . .

:
:N . . N.
.
. N: . N.
. .

:
G. N. Lewis

19
 The Octet Rule Lewis Dot Symbols
Chemical compounds tend to form so that each
atom, by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons, has
eight electrons in its highest occupied energy
level.

The same number of electrons as in the nearest

noble gas

The first exception to this is hydrogen, which

follows the duet rule.
The second exception is helium which does not
form bonds because it is already “full” with its
two electrons
20
 Covalent Bond Lewis structure of water single covalent bonds
A chemical bond in which two or more electrons are shared by
two atoms. H + O + H H O H or H O H

How should two atoms share electrons? 2e-8e-2e-

F + F FF Double bond – two atoms share two pairs of electrons

7e- 7e- 8e- 8e- O C O or O C O

Lewis structure of F2 double bonds
8e- 8ebonds
double - 8e-

single covalent bond lone pairs F F lone pairs Triple bond – two atoms share three pairs of electrons

single covalent bond N N or N N

lone pairs FF lone pairs 8e-8e
triple -
bond
triple bond

21
 Estrella Mendoza et. Al. Chemistry 2nd Edition.
SIBS Publishing House, Inc. pp.107-109

Hill John W. and Kolb, Doris K. Chemistry for

Changing Times, 7th Edition. London :
Prentice Hall International

Gil Nonato C. Santos et. Al (2003). Chemistry

Some images, the Next Generation, 1st Edition. pp. 98-209
animation, material
have been taken NIST WebBook: http://webbook.nist.gov/
from the following
sources : http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/vibrat.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeinehttp://

22
 Was this your
answer?

Activity 1A
Activity 1B

23
Activity 2A Activity 2B

24
Activity 3A Activity 3B
COMPOUND ELECTRONEGATIVITY TYPE OF BOND
DIFFERENCE
 If the electronegativity difference is
equal to o.4 or less it results to a CO2 2.55 - 3.44 = 0.89 Polar Covalent Bond
NON POLAR COVALENT BOND.

 If the electronegativity difference is CaBr2 1.3 - 2.8 = 1.5 Polar Covalent Bond
less than 1.9 and more than 0.4
polar covalent bond is formed.
CuCl 1.9 - 3.0 = 1.1 Polar Covalent Bond
 Ionic bonding will take place
between metal and non metal with
electronegativity difference of
Na2S 0.9 – 2.5 = 1.6 Polar Covalent Bond
greater than 1.9.
CH4 2.5 – 2.1 = 0.4 Non Polar Covalent
Bond
Li3N 1.0 – 3.0 = 2 Ionic Bond

25
Activity 4A

Activity 4B

26
Activity 4C Activity 4D Activity 4E

27
ASSESSMENT CARD

28
29
After using this
SIM you were able
to ( please check
one )

30
 SO2
CH4 LiLi33NN CO2 Na2S PCl3
S2