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Ceramicists experimented
with techniques of high fired
glazing creating pots with a
Chinese Pottery brownish appearance which
belonging to the presaged Yueh ware.
era of Neolithic
Art.
In June 2012, for instance, an
article in Science magazine (June
2012), confirmed that fragments
(sherds) of Chinese pottery
discovered in Xianrendong Cave in
China's Jiangxi Province had been
radiocarbon dated to 18,000 BCE,
making them the oldest ceramic art
ever found.
Location and Description
Xianrendong Cave (known as "Immortal's
Cave" in Chinese) is located at the foot
of Xiaohe mountain, in Wannian County, in
northeastern Jiangxi, in southeast China.
Xianrendong's pottery is reminiscent of
early Japanese Jomon pottery about
14,500 BCE. It consists of crudely made,
poorly fired bowls and pots, and prone
to breakage. The surviving sherds have
thick but uneven walls, with round bases
and rough surfaces. The texture of the
paste is brittle and loose, and has a
variable reddish/brown colour from
uneven firing.
Yuchanyan Cave in Hunan province, China,
is home to some of the oldest Chinese
pottery ever found. In 2009, a report in
the Proceedings of the US National
Academy of Sciences announced the
discovery of a number of ceramic pot
sherds at Yuchanyan, dating to 16,000
BCE, which ranks them amongst the oldest
Stone Age art in Asia.
Yuchanyan Cave is a limestone rock
shelter located south of the Yangzi
River basin in Daoxian county of Hunan
province, China.
Archeologists unearthed fragments from
at least two pots. One was only
partially made. The sherds analyzed were
thick (up to 2 cm), with a loose and
sandy texture, and coarsely pasted.
Kaolinite was a major constituent. They
were dark brown in color and decorated
Reconstructed Clay-Fired Pot from Yuchanyan Cave (c.16,000 BCE). Among the
with cord-marks on their inside and
Oldest art of its type. outside surfaces.
The Shang Dynasty is famous above
all for its bronzes - mostly
ceremonial vessels - and the
workmanship of its sculptors and
craftsmen testifies to a high
level of civilization. During its
700-year existence, Shang culture
was also responsible for
important developments in
Chinese pottery and jade carving,
as well as Chinese lacquerware
and ivory carving
In assessing Shang culture, and
its types of art, we are
exclusively dependent on its
elaborate burial sites.
(1) Shang Taotie (2)Bronze Head with Gold Foil Mask Sanxingdui Sculpture (3) Zun
An important stage in Chinese art
- a stage described in ancient
historical chronicles, like the
Bamboo Annals, Classic of History
and Records of the Grand
Historian - the Xia Dynasty is
now accepted as China's first
dynasty
the Erlitou culture - discovered
in 1959 by Xu Xusheng, - has been
identified by several Chinese
archeologists as the site of the
legendary Xia Dynasty
In 1959, archeologists uncovered
two palaces in Erlitou, located
at "No.1" and "No.2" sites. They
were believed to be the earliest
large-scale palaces in China,
dating back to roughly 1875-1575
BCE.
(1) Bronze Wine Drinking Vessel art (2) Black Pottery Goblet, Black eggshell pottery
During this era of Bronze Age art, the Zhou Dynasty
maintained much of the ancient art of China -
including the bronze casting of ceremonial vessels,
and jade carving - and encouraged the growth of new
visual arts like goldsmithing and lacquerware, as
well as calligraphy and its cousin Chinese painting,
nearly all of which has since been lost. Other
cultural developments included the introduction of
chopsticks, ox-drawn ploughs, large-scale irrigation
projects and a program of new roads and waterways.
Most bronze vessels were cast for use in temple
sacrifices, while some were made as funerary objects
for the tomb. (Zhou bronze workers also produced a
large quantity of weaponry, chariot-fittings,
equestrian items, and other utilitarian objects.) The
bronze containers used in sacrificial rites varied
according to function.
(1) One of several excavation sites of The Chinese Terracotta Army (246-208 BCE), the Qin Dynasty ceramic masterpiece.
The Han Dynasty presided over a golden
age of Chinese culture, which embraced
visual art as well as poetry,
literature and music. In the case of
both fine art and decorative art, a
major stimulus was the revival of tomb
art, which developed significantly
during both the Western and Eastern Han
eras.
During the Western Han, for instance,
deceased individuals were interred
along with objects and works of art
which they had used while they were
alive. By the era of the Eastern Han,
however, tombs tended to contain
artifacts which were made exclusively
for burial purposes. Such artifacts
included miniature items of ceramic art
- typically watchtowers and other
examples of urban architecture - along
with miniature models of farms,
pigsties, and farmyard animals.
Hunping Jar (c.265–316 CE) Ancient pottery from the 3rd century
Western Jin Dynasty,
decorated with Buddhist figures. Shanghai Museum.
• The Sui Dynasty lost no time in commemorating its rule
with a series of massive building projects - projects,
whose crippling costs led to crushing taxes on the
people and eventual revolt. Construction of the capital
city, Daxing, was begun in 583 under the great
architect Yuwen Kai, and was followed by the building
of an eastern capital at Luoyang, as well as the Grand
Canal along with a network of waterways. The Great Wall
of China was extended.
• One might say that the Buddhist religion acted as an
overarching cultural force that helped to unify visual
art in China during the short-lived Sui Dynasty, and to
pave the way for its renaissance during the succeeding
era of the Tang. Buddhism created a demand for several
different types of art, notably sculpture: indeed,
without Buddhism, Chinese sculpture would have remained
a minor art.
(1) Early Spring (1072) (2) Solitary Temple amid Clearing Peaks (c.960)
• As a result, many scholars withdrew into themselves, preferring to
practice their form of traditional Chinese painting in solitude,
or within narrow circles, or under the auspices of Buddhism or
Daoism. Naturalism - truth to nature - was abandoned in favor of a
more symbolic style of ink and wash painting (using stark and
simple forms, like bamboo, rocks, clouds), as a vehicle for self-
expression.
• Renewed attention was paid to traditional crafts, including
goldsmithing, as well as jewelry art - using gold, silver as well
as other precious metals, minerals and rocks, such as lapis lazuli
from northeastern Afghanistan.
• Among new art forms which emerged during the early Yuan, zaju was
a type of popular theatrical entertainment - a type of opera or
vaudeville involving poetry, gymnastics, music, painting and other
forms of decorative design. It even extended to artifacts found in
tombs of the period, such as mural paintings and a variety of
small statues depicting popular zaju characters.
(1) Jar with Carp Design (1522-66) (2) Appreciating Plums (1598-1652)
• In 1644, unified by strong leaders, the Manchus swept down through the
Great Wall, captured Beijing and established their own Qing (or Pure)
dynasty, thus ending the era of Ming Dynasty art
• Three main groups of artists were at work during the Qing Dynasty: (1)
the traditionalists, who aimed to revitalize painting through a more
modern reinterpretation of past models; (2) the individualists and
scholar-artists, (epitomized by the likes of Bada Shanren), who pursued
a highly personal style of art - often containing symbols of political
defiance; and (3) the courtiers and professional artists who were
employed by the imperial court.
• Chinese painting under the Qings is characterized both by lavish
decoration and orthodox academicism.
• Qing emperors made religious and diplomatic alliances with Tibet and
Mongolia, resulting in the building of many Buddhist temples of the
Tibetan school, notably in Beijing.
• During the Qing Dynasty included the use of bright colours and
meticulously painted scenes to decorate plates and vases. Chinese
porcelain craftsmen began making five-coloured ware by applying a
variety of underglaze pigments largely to floral and landscape scenes -
a style which was (and is) much prized in the West.
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